基于相关性的中红外温度与发射率分离算法

温度和发射率是耦合在一起的.在精确获得大气参数的情况下,由传感器的辐射测量反演地表的温度与发射率,仍然是一个病态问题,必须采取一定的策略进行温度与发射率的分离.因此,温度与发射率的分离是红外遥感的核心问题.文章在分析无太阳直射光影响时大气下行辐射和含有大气残留的地表发射率之间关系的基础上,提出了一个针对野外测量中红外高光谱数据的温度与发射率分离算法.该算法利用大气下行辐射和含有大气残留的地表发射率之间的相关性作为判据来优化地表温度,进而获得地表发射率.基于模拟的中红外高光谱数据,对算法的精度进行评价.结果表明,该算法能够获得较高的地表温度和发射率反演精度;具有较广的适用范围,对测量过程中大气下行辐射变化不敏感;同时算法具有一定的抗噪性.     

Residual Stresses from Incremental Hole Drilling Using Directly Deposited Thin Film Strain Gauges

Experimental Mechanics - Commonly, polymer foil-based strain gauges are used for the incremental hole drilling method to obtain residual stress depth profiles. These polymer foil-based strain...     

Comparison of α CH and CF activation in alkyl transition metal complexes: a DFT and CASSCF study

DFT (B3PW91) and CASSCF calculations have been carried out to study the relative α migratory abilities of H and F in alkyl transition metal complexes. It is shown that the activation energy is considerably lower to migrate H than F, whereas the energies of reaction are similar for the two reactions. A study of the electron configurations and the orbitals describing these configurations shows that the high activation energy for F is due to a 4-electron repulsion between an F lone pair and the occupied Ru=C π orbital.     

Validation of a newly developed hexaplex real-time PCR assay for screening for presence of GMOs in food, feed and seed

For years, an increasing number and diversity of genetically modified plants has been grown on a commercial scale. The need for detection and identification of these genetically modified organisms (GMOs) calls for broad and at the same time flexible high throughput testing methods. Here we describe the development and validation of a hexaplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening assay covering more than 100 approved GMOs containing at least one of the GMO targets of the assay. The assay comprises detection systems for Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter, Agrobacterium tumefaciens NOS terminator, Figwort Mosaic Virus 34S promoter and two construct-specific sequences present in novel genetically modified soybean and maize that lack common screening elements. Additionally a detection system for an internal positive control (IPC) indicating the presence or absence of PCR inhibiting substances was included. The six real-time PCR systems were allocated to five detection channels showing no significant crosstalk between the detection channels. As part of an extensive validation, a limit of detection (LOD_abs) ≤ ten target copies was proven in hexaplex format. A sensitivity ≤ ten target copies of each GMO detection system was still shown in highly asymmetric target situations in the presence of 1,000 copies of all other GMO targets of each detection channel. Furthermore, the applicability to a broad sample spectrum and reliable indication of inhibition by the IPC system was demonstrated. The presented hexaplex assay offers sensitive and reliable detection of GMOs in processed and unprocessed food, feed and seed samples with high efficiency.     

Bis(salicylaldiminate) copper(II) and palladium(II) complexes: towards columnar mesophases

Copper and palladium complexes of new salicylaldimines derived from 3,4,5-tridecyloxyaniline, 2,3,4-tridecyloxyaniline and 4-decyloxyaniline have been synthesized and characterized. All the ligands bear four or more aliphatic chains with the aim of inducing columnar mesophases at low temperatures. In particular, metal complexes derived from 4-(3,4,5-tridecyloxybenzoyloxy)-salicyliden-3,4,5-tridecyloxyaninile display rectangular columnar mesophases at (or near) room temperature. These mesophase assignments have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction. A significant decrease of the melting points of the compounds is observed in the tridecyloxyaniline derivatives compared with those of similar complexes derived from mono- or di-decyloxyaniline.     

An expedient and practical method for the synthesis of a diverse series of cyclopropane alpha-amino acids and amines

A practical synthesis for the preparation of a diverse series of cyclopropane alpha-amino acids is described. Nitrocyclopropane carboxylates can be readily prepared through treatment of alpha-nitroesters and iodobenzene diacetate or alpha-nitro-alpha-diazoesters with a Rh(II) catalyst and an olefin. Reduction of the nitro group using zinc/HCl in i-PrOH affords substituted cyclopropane alpha-amino esters in modest to high yields (54-99%). A "one-pot" procedure involving sequential cyclopropanation and reduction is described. The method can also be applied to the preparation of arylcyclopropyl amines (three examples).     

Untersuchungen an Carboxymethylcellulose

Zusammenfassung Die Konstanten derMark-Houwinkschen Gleichung für Carboxymethylcellulose in 2% NaCl und in 6% NaOH werden bestimmt. Die Moleküle verhalten sich in 2% NaCl wie ein Polyelektrolyt, in 6% NaOH wie frei durchströmte Knäuelmoleküle. für Meßzwecke ist 6% NaOH das geeignetere Lösungsmittel.Mit 3 Abbildungen