Beam Combination using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering for the Ultimate High Power-Energy Laser System Operating at High Repetition Rate over 10 Hz for Laser Fusion Driver

After the laser was invented in 1960, a phase conjugation mirror has been respected to be the most fantastic one for the laser resonator composition because it can compensate any distortions of the laser beams occurred by the many inhomogenuities of the laser media and optical components. Among the many phase conjugation configurations, the stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation mirror is the most simple one and many researchers have tried to utilize it to develop high power/energy laser systems. For realizing a high energy/power laser system the thermal problem is the most difficult to solve, and some researchers suggested a beam combination technique to reduce the thermal load of the big laser media to many small sized ones. To accomplish the beam combination using stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation mirrors (SBS-PCMs), it is necessary to lock/control the phases of the SBS-PCMs. And some researchers have developed several ways for it, but they can lock the phases of a limited number of beams overlapped at the foci less than 5, or lock the phases by back-seeding technique but it loses the phase conjugation characteristics. For realization of the laser fusion driver, it is necessary to combine more than 10 or 100 beams. And the authors have developed recently a new phase controlling/locking technique which is isolated and independent totally from other beams and it can be applied to an unlimited number of beams in principle.     

SMSI effect on ceria supported Cu-Pd catalysts in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene

Ceria-supported copper-palladium catalysts have been tested in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. The SMSI behavior of the bimetallic catalysts depended on the temperature of reduction. They were analyzed by H₂ chemisorption and XPS.     

Studies on mass production of transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in bioreactor

The growth properties of Panax ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes were compared between flask and aerated column or stirred bioreactor. In flask cultures, sucrose, initially 30 g/L, was nearly exhausted after 45 d of culture. The pH of the medium dropped from 5.5 to 4.96 after 10 d, but afterward it gradually increased to 6.4. After 45 d, hairy roots grew about 16-folds. The growth rate of hairy roots in air-bubble column or stirred bioreactor cultures was 1.13 (1.11) to 1.23 (1.20) g fresh wt (dry wt)/(g of cells·d), respectively. For both bioreactors, growth was about three times as high as in the flask cultivation.     

Single-photon vacuum-ultraviolet laser-pulsed-field ionization-photoelectron studies of trans- and cis-1-bromopropenes

The vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) pulsed-field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) spectra of trans-1-bromopropene (trans-CH(3)CH[Double Bond]CHBr) and cis-1-bromopropene (cis-CH(3)CH[Double Bond]CHBr) have been measured in the energy region of 74 720-76 840 cm(-1). The simulation of fine structures observed in the origin VUV-PFI-PE vibrational bands of these molecules has provided the ionization energies (IEs) of trans-1-bromopropene and cis-1-bromopropene to be 74 779.3+/-2.0 cm(-1) (9.2715+/-0.0002 eV) and 75 140.2+/-2.0 cm(-1) (9.3162+/-0.0002 eV), respectively. The vibrational bands resolved in these VUV-PFI-PE spectra at energies 0-1700 cm(-1) above the IEs of trans-1-bromopropene and cis-1-bromopropene have been assigned based on theoretical vibrational frequencies and calculated Franck-Condon factors for the ionization transitions.     

An electrochemically controllable nanomechanical molecular system utilizing edge-to-face and face-to-face aromatic interactions

[formula: see text] A new molecular system, 2,11-dithio[4,4]metametaquinocyclophane containing a quinone moiety, was designed and synthesized. As the quinone moiety can readily be converted into an aromatic pi-system (hydroquinone) upon reduction, the nanomechanical molecular cyclophane system exhibits a large flapping motion like a molecular flipper from the electrochemical redox process. The conformational changes upon reduction and oxidation are caused by changes of nonbonding interaction forces (devoid of bond formation/breaking) from the edge-to-face to face-to-face aromatic interactions and vice versa, respectively.     

Osteoprotegerin is present on the membrane of osteoclasts isolated from mouse long bones

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is known to inhibit osteoclastogenesis by acting as a soluble decoy receptor for the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). We report the presence of OPG on the membrane of osteoclasts and the possibility of the direct action of OPG on them. Highly pure osteoclast precursors were isolated from mouse long bones and induced to differentiate into mature osteoclasts by M-CSF and soluble RANKL (sRANKL). The presence of OPG on the membrane of these cells was confirmed by western blotting and immunostaining. Furthermore, sRANKL was found to be bound to the OPG on the osteoclast precursors. These results suggest that OPG might have a new role during the differentiation of osteoclasts beyond its role as a soluble decoy receptor. The mechanism of the existence of OPG on osteoclast precursors remains to be found.     

Application of divergent multi-component reactions in the synthesis of a library of peptidomimetics based on γ-amino-α,β-cyclopropyl acids

The multi-component condensation of organozirconocene, aldimine and zinc carbenoid was applied to the stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropane amino acid derivatives. These compounds served as scaffolds for the preparation of a 46-member library. The C- and N-termini of the cyclopropane amino acid derivatives were diversified by condensations with ten amines and ten acylating agents, respectively. To improve yields and accelerate library synthesis, most products were prepared under microwave irradiation and purified by polymer-bound scavengers and SPE methodology. All compounds were analyzed by LC-MS and a representative selection was fully characterized.     

Study of the Reactions of Platinum Macrocyclic Complex Ions with Free Radicals Formed by Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Media

The near-diffusion-controlled reactions of hydroxyl radical, hydrated electron, and hydrogen atom with platinum macrocyclic complex ions in aqueous media have been studied using pulse radiolysis in conjunction with UV-visible absorption and conductivity detection. The hydrated electron and hydrogen atom react with trans-[Pt(cyclam)(Cl)(2)](2+) where cyclam is 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to yield platinum(III) transients that exhibit intense absorption peaks in the 280-300 nm region; however in the case of the H-atom, the reaction involves a competition between chloride abstraction and a minor process, suggested to be attack on the organic ligand. The platinum(III) products are kinetically labile toward loss of chloro ligands, but these reactions are reversible in the presence of added KCl. The reactions of hydroxyl radical with [Pt(cyclam)](2+) and with [Pt(tmc)](2+), where tmc is 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, lead to platinum(III) intermediates absorbing in the 250-300 nm region. Depending on the presence or absence of added KCl and on the pH, the platinum(III) cyclam systems can react to form a product(s) exhibiting absorption peaks near 330 and 455 nm, and this species is proposed to be a long-lived amidoplatinum(III) complex. In support of this proposal is the observation that the tmc system does not give rise to a similar visible-absorbing product. The interrelations of the cyclam-based transients through acid-base, chloro-substitution and water-elimination processes are discussed.     

XPS analysis of the effect of Pt addition to Pd catalysts for complete benzene oxidation

Pt-Pd bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to develop and investigate catalysts having excellent activity and stability for benzene destruction. The effect of Pt addition to Pd catalysts is studied by XPS analysis. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.