Synthesis of 3-nitro- and 3-aminoquinoline-2,4-diones. An unexpected route to 3-hydroxyquinoline-2,4-diones

Nitration of 3-substituted-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones 1 with nitric acid leads either to 3-nitro- 2 or 3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , depending on the reaction conditions. 3-Substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 are also obtained by oxidative hydroxylation with peracetic acid. Amination of 3-substituted-3-chloroquinolinediones 4 with ammonium hydroxide predominantly leads again to 3-substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , only in one case the 3-aminoquinolinedione 5 could be isolated. With morpholine or pyridine as amines the expected 3-aminoquinolinediones 6 and 7 were obtained.     

Zur Bestimmung von Ammoniak in Lebensmitteln

Zusammenfassung In einer Vakuumapparatur mit modifizierter Destilliervorlage wurden die für ein schonendes Verfahren optimalen Destillationsbedingungen zur quantitativen Freisetzung geringer Ammoniakmengen ermittelt, wobei sich z.B. eine Alkalisierung auf mindestens pH 9 ergab.Die Anwendung dieser Methode auf proteinhaltige Lebensmittel liefert ebenfalls — wenn auch nur in geringem Maße — Ammoniakabspaltungen, die wieder von der Art der Substanzen, der Alkalität der Lösung und der Destillationsdauer abhängig sind. Veränderungen im Verhältnis von Einwaagemenge zu Alkalisierungsmittel liefern daher über Alkalitätsverschiebungen auch jeweils etwas unterschiedliche Ammoniakausbeuten.Diese Vakuumdestillation im Makromaßstab ist bei Ammoniakbestimmungen in Substanzgemischen mit empfindlichen organischen Stickstoffverbindungen der Wasserdampfdestillation bei Normaldruck zwar überlegen, sie kann jedoch nicht als zuverlässige Methode empfohlen werden.

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Determination of ammonia in foodII. Examination of the vacuum distillation

In a vacuum apparatus with modified receiver the optimum conditions for a careful procedure for the quantitative liberation of small amounts of ammonia were tested. An alkalinity of at least pH 9 was necessary.Using this method with foods containing protein, ammonia was released too, though only in small amounts. These are depending not only on the type of substances, but also on the alkalinity of solution and the duration of distillation. Therefore, variations in the relationship between the amount of sample and the solution for alkalisation effect a change of alkalinity and thereby different yields of ammonia.For determinations of ammonia in mixtures of substances with instable nitrogen compounds the macrovacuum-apparatus is superior to the steam distillation applying normal pressure, but cannot be recommended as an reliable method.

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I. Mitteilung: diese Z. 244, 379 (1969).

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Auszug aus der Dissertation W. Sturm: Zur Bestimmung von Ammoniak in Getreidemehlen und Backwaren. Techn. Univ. Braunschweig 1967.     

Periodic,multiplicative number-theoretical functions

D. Leitmann andD. Wolke [3] proved that multiplicative functions, which are restrictions of continuous, periodic functionsF: with irrational period, are constant equal to 0 or 1. In this note a simpler proof for this result is given.     

Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of O-Glycopeptide Building Blocks

Abstract

In 1988, MOSBACH et aL¹ reported the synthesis of a-D-mannopyranosy1-L-serine and Q -D-N-acetylgalactosamino-L-serine by reversing the hydrolytic activity of a -mannosidase from jack beans and a -N-acetylgalactosaminidase from beef liver, respectively. The yields in these equilibrium-controlled syntheses² using high concentrations of monosaccharide and serine were highly dependent on the enzyme concentration and ranged from 5 to 10 percent in both cases.     

Eigenvalues of a statistical mechanics matrix

We consider the problem of finding the spectrum of an n × n matrix which arises in the study of a certain model of long-range interactions in a one-dimensional statistical mechanics system. Our analysis exhibits a curious resemblance of the suitably normalized distribution of eigenvalues to the Marčenko–Pastur law in the limit n → ∞.     

On the stationary measures of anharmonic systems in the presence of a small thermal noise

We consider certain small stochastic perturbations of ad-dimensional infinite system of coupled anharmonic oscillators. The evolution law is reversible in the Yaglom sense, thus Gibbs states with the given interaction and temperature are stationary measures. If d<3 then some stability properties of the interaction imply the converse statement; if d>2 then the same is proven for translation invariant measures only. The methods and results of Ref. 4, 6–8 are extended to second-order systems of stochastic differential equations.     

Proliferative reactive gliosis is compatible with glial metabolic support and neuronal function

Background

Trail-making tests, such as the Concept Shifting Task (CST), can be used to test the effects of treatment on cognitive performance over time in various neuropsychological disorders. However, cognitive performance in such experimental designs might improve as a result of the practice obtained during repeated testing rather than the treatment itself. The current study investigated if practice affects the accuracy and duration of performance on the repeatedly administered Concept Shifting Task modified to make it resistant to practice (mCST). The mCST was administered to 54 healthy participants twice a day, before and after a short break, for eight days. Results. The ANOVA and meta-analysis showed that there was no improvement in the mCST accuracy on the last vs. the first trial (Hedges' g = .14, p = .221) or within the session (after vs. before the break on all days; g = .01, p = .922). However, the participants performed the task faster on the last vs. the first trial (g = -.75, p < .001) and after vs. before the break on all days (g = -.12, p = .002). Conclusions. Repeated administration of the mCST does not affect the accuracy of performance on the test. However, practice might contribute to faster performance on the mCST over time and within each session.     

Classical versus quantum gravity

Is Einstein's metric theory of gravitation to be quantized to yield a complete and logically consistent picture of the geometry of the real world in the presence of quantized material sources? To answer this question, we give arguments that there is a consistent way to extend general relativity to small distances by incorporating further geometric quantities at the level of the connection into the theory and introducing corresponding field equations for their determination, allowing thereby the metric and the Levi-Civita connection to remain classical quantities. The dualism between matter and geometry is extended to quantized fields with the help of a Hibert bundle ? raised over a Riemann-Cartan spacetime. Quantized subnuclear matter fields (generalized quantum mechanical wave functions) are sections on ? which determine generalized bilinear currents acting as sourc currents for the bundle geometry at small distances. The established dualism between matter and the underlying bundle geometry contains general relativity as a classical part.