全文获取类型
收费全文 | 549篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 327篇 |
晶体学 | 4篇 |
力学 | 20篇 |
数学 | 55篇 |
物理学 | 150篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 7篇 |
2014年 | 7篇 |
2013年 | 17篇 |
2012年 | 16篇 |
2011年 | 17篇 |
2010年 | 5篇 |
2009年 | 10篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 18篇 |
2006年 | 27篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 19篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1962年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有556条查询结果,搜索用时 812 毫秒
111.
Modulation of the intensity of light by high quality reflective micro-displays is predominantly carried out by liquid crystal over silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulator (SLM) technology for applications such as pico-projectors. Wider use of these devices, in applications such as computer-generated holography and optical correlation, is limited by their phase modulation ability and illumination polarisation state dependence. These devices rely on planar or twisted nematic liquid crystals to modulate the light, but due to their viscoelastic properties they are inherently slow. Research into the use of the polymer stabilised blue phase has already shown that it can offer high speed phase modulation. However, other chiral nematic orientations are yet to be compared in LCoS devices. In this article, we demonstrate that polymer-stabilised chiral nematic liquid crystal electro-optical effects can offer phase modulation in silicon backplane devices. The uniform standing helix and focal conic textures are shown to be independent of the input light polarisation state and the uniform lying helix is shown to be polarisation dependent. These optical responses are then compared with that of the blue phase to identify a suitable orientation for further development in LCoS technology in order to find a high-speed, full phase modulating material. 相似文献
112.
Cotton FA Murillo CA Wang X Wilkinson CC 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2007,(35):3943-3951
Six very soluble paddlewheel compounds containing Mo(2)(n+) units, n = 4, 5, 6, and two alkyl-substituted bicyclic guanidinate ligands have been synthesized. The quadruply bonded complexes with n = 4, Mo(2)(TMhpp)(4) and Mo(2)(TEhpp)(4), (TMhpp = the anion of 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-4-ene and TEhpp = the anion of 3,3,9,9-tetraethyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-4-ene) are easily oxidized. The electrode potentials in THF are -1.08 and -1.17 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, for the Mo(2)(5+/4+) couple. These potentials are in accord with the low ionization potentials for the quadruply bonded compounds. Because of the high solubility of the Mo(2)(4+) compounds in most common organic solvents they are attractive candidates for use as strong reducing agents in homogeneous systems. 相似文献
113.
There are currently a limited number of techniques to study nickel speciation in aqueous samples. This work reports on the use of the permeation liquid membrane (PLM) for that objective. In this paper, the composition of the organic phase was studied to maximize the Ni flux (thus the sensitivity of the device) over a wide Ni2+ concentration range (50 nM to 100 microM) in order to verify its ability to determine free Ni2+ in the presence of Ni complexes. A mixture containing 1,10-didecyl-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 ether (22DD) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in toluene/phenylhexane was selected as the optimized organic phase for the PLM. The PLM was shown to be a reliable tool to measure free nickel concentrations down to 10(-7) M. The effect of pH on Ni transport was also studied. Fluxes below pH 6 were reduced significantly, i.e. an order of magnitude smaller than fluxes above pH 7.8. Finally, as part of a broader study examining the ability of trace metals to induce antibiotic resistance in bacteria, we used the PLM to quantify the formation, at pH = 7.2, of a weak complex between Ni and Imipenem (a member of the carbapenem class of beta-lactam antibiotics) or its hydrolysis product(s). 相似文献
114.
A series of europium(III) complexes based on the macrocyclic azacarboxylate structure, DO3A, have been investigated, incorporating benzophenone appended at N10 of the macrocycle via linkers containing amide bonds (H3DO3A = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tris-acetic acid). Complexes [EuL(1-3)] incorporate N10-CH2CONH-BP linkers (BP = benzophenone), which allow formation of a five-membered chelate ring containing the metal ion upon chelation of the amide oxygen; these three isomeric complexes differ from one another in the substitution position of the BP unit, namely para, meta, and ortho for L1, L2, and L3 respectively. The quantum yields of europium luminescence sensitized via the chromophore are found to be highly dependent upon the position of substitution, being 20 times smaller for the ortho compared to the para-substituted complex. A related para-substituted BP complex [EuL(4)], prepared by an unusual Michael reaction of the azamacrocycle with a BP-containing acrylamide, incorporates an additional methylene unit in the linker, namely N10-CH2CH2CONH-BP. Despite the longer linker, this complex equals the luminescence quantum yield achieved with [EuL(1)] (Phi(lum) = 0.097 and 0.095, respectively, in H2O at 298 K). Analysis of the pertinent kinetics reveals that the decreased energy transfer efficiency in this complex, arising from the longer donor-acceptor distance, is compensated by an increased radiative rate constant. Under basic conditions, the ortho-substituted complex [EuL(3)] undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to generate an unprecedented complex [EuL(5)] incorporating a 4-phenyl-2-hydroxyquinoline unit directly bound to the ring nitrogen. Although this complex is a poor emitter, an analogous complex obtained from 2-amino-acetophenone, which generates 4-methyl-2-hydroxyquinoline during the corresponding rearrangement, is an order of magnitude more emissive while still benefiting from relatively long-wavelength absorption. The emission from this complex is pH sensitive, being dramatically quenched under mildly basic conditions. 相似文献
115.
C. R. Tench T. M. Fromhold P. B. Wilkinson M. J. Carter R. P. Taylor A. P. Micolich R. Newbury 《Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures》2000,7(3-4)
We report quantum-mechanical calculations which replicate the self-similar magnetoconductance fluctuations observed in recent experiments on semiconductor Sinai billiards. We interpret these fluctuations by considering the mixed stable-chaotic classical dynamics of electrons in the billiard. In particular, we show that the fluctuation patterns are dominated by individual stable orbits. The scaling characteristics of the self-similar fluctuations depend on the geometry of the associated stable orbit. We find that our analysis is insensitive to the details of the potential landscape, and is applicable to real devices with a wide range of soft-wall profiles. We show that our analysis also provides a possible explanation for the distinct series of magnetoconductance fluctuations observed in recent experiments on carbon nanotubes. 相似文献
116.
MF Miller IA Franchi AS Sexton CT Pillinger 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》1999,13(13):1211-1217
The use of infrared laser-assisted fluorination to release oxygen from milligram quantities of silicates or other oxide mineral grains is a well-established technique. However, relatively few studies have reported the optimisation of this procedure for oxygen-17 isotope measurements. We describe here details of an analytical system using infrared (10 μm) laser-assisted fluorination, in conjunction with a dual inlet mass spectrometer of high resolving power ( approximately 250) to provide (17)O and (18)O oxygen isotope measurements from 0.5-2 mg of silicates or other oxide mineral grains. Respective precisions (1) of typically 0.08 and 0.04 per thousand are obtained for the complete analytical procedure. Departures from the mass-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation line are quantified by Delta(17)O; our precision (1) of such measurements on individual samples is shown to be +/-0.024 per thousand. In turn, this permits the offset between parallel, mass-dependent fractionation lines to be characterised to substantially greater precision than has been possible hitherto. Application of this system to investigate the (17)O versus (18)O relationship for numerous terrestrial whole-rock and mineral samples, of diverse geological origins and age, indicates that the complete data set may be described by a single, mass-dependent fractionation line of slope 0.5244+/- 0.00038 (standard error). Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
117.
Permanent holographic recording in indium oxide thin films using 193 nm excimer laser radiation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S. Pissadakis S. Mailis L. Reekie J.S. Wilkinson R.W. Eason N.A. Vainos K. Moschovis G. Kiriakidis 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1999,69(3):333-336
Permanent holographic recording in sputtered indium oxide (InOx) thin films is demonstrated, using ultraviolet radiation at 193 nm emitted by an ArF excimer laser. Steady-state refractive
index changes of up to 5×10-3 are calculated from the measured diffraction efficiency of a HeNe laser probe beam. The recorded gratings exhibit a dynamic
behaviour that relaxes to a steady-state value that depends on the oxygen partial pressure used during growth and on the recording
beam intensity. The observed behaviour is explained in terms of laser-induced structural changes.
Received: 12 October 1998 / Accepted: 8 March 1999 / Published online: 4 August 1999 相似文献
118.
AymanA. Abdel‐Shafi PaulD. Beer RogerJ. Mortimer Francis Wilkinson 《Helvetica chimica acta》2001,84(9):2784-2795
Photophysical properties in dilute MeCN solution are reported for seven RuII complexes containing two 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligands and different third ligands, six of which contain a variety of 4,4′‐carboxamide‐disubstituted 2,2′‐bipyridines, for one complex containing no 2,2′‐bipyridine, but 2 of these different ligands, for three multinuclear RuII complexes containing 2 or 4 [Ru(bpy)2] moieties and also coordinated via 4,4′‐carboxamide‐disubstituted 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands, and for the complex [(Ru(bpy)2(L)]2+ where L is N,N′‐([2,2′‐bipyridine]‐4,4′‐diyl)bis[3‐methoxypropanamide]. Absorption maxima are red‐shifted with respect to [Ru(bpy)3]2+, as are phosphorescence maxima which vary from 622 to 656 nm. The lifetimes of the lowest excited triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer states 3MLCT in de‐aerated MeCN are equal to or longer than for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and vary considerably, i.e., from 0.86 to 1.71 μs. Rate constants kq for quenching by O2 of the 3MLCT states were measured and found to be well below diffusion‐controlled, ranging from 1.2 to 2.0⋅109 dm3 mol−1 s−1. The efficiencies f of singlet‐oxygen formation during oxygen quenching of these 3MLCT states are relatively high, namely 0.53 – 0.89. The product of kq and f gives the net rate constant k for quenching due to energy transfer to produce singlet oxygen, and kq−k equals k, the net rate constant for quenching due to energy dissipation of the excited 3MLCT states without energy transfer. The quenching rate constants were both found to correlate with ΔGCT, the free‐energy change for charge transfer from the excited Ru complex to oxygen, and the relative and absolute values of these rate constants are discussed. 相似文献
119.
Angus J. Wilkinson Graham Meaden David J. Dingley 《Superlattices and Microstructures》2009,45(4-5):285-294
In this paper, we describe the use of electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) to study strain variations in crystalline samples at the nanoscale. The analysis relies on cross correlation measurements of small shifts in the EBSD pattern measured at many points dispersed across the pattern. The method allows the full strain tensor, and lattice rotations to be obtained at a sensitivity of ~10?4. The method is applied to study variations of strains and rotations near the surface of 200 nm thick epitaxial layers of Si0.85Ge0.15 grown on a Si substrate patterned with rectangular and square mesa. Linescans across rectangular mesas show that strain relaxation and accompanying lattice rotations are restricted to the edges of wide mesas but that the relaxation extends across the entirety of mesas narrower than ~6 μm. Two dimensional maps of the strain variation in a ~3 μm wide square mesa are also presented. 相似文献
120.
Christian Bonatti Sylvain Crovisier Amie Wilkinson 《Publications Mathématiques de L'IHéS》2009,109(1):185-244
Answering a question of Smale, we prove that the space of C
1 diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold contains a residual subset of diffeomorphisms whose centralizers are trivial. 相似文献