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61.
Die Bildung und das Wachstum von Keimen während thermischer Zersetzungsreaktionen wurde mit Hilfe der Thermomikroskopie untersucht. Diese Methode erlaubt eine kontinuierliche Beobachtung der verschiedenen Vorgänge und Effekte, welche für die Kinetik der Zersetzungsreaktionen maßgebend sind. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind die Geschwindigkeit der Keimbildung und die des Wachstums in Abhängigkeit von den kristallographischen Richtungen und in bezug auf die Oberflächendefekte. Weitere wichtige Faktoren für die Probe sind die umgebende Atmosphäre, die Bildung von Sprüngen und Rissen, welche auf die Diffusion der gasförmigen Zersetzungsprodukte und das Ausmaß des strukturellen Umbaus zurückzuführen sind.Keimbildungserscheinungen von: Gips, CuSO4 · 5 H2O, NiSO4 · 6 H2O, Hydrozinkit und Diamant werden diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der thermooptischen Untersuchungen werden u. a. zu TG-Messungen und Röntgenuntersuchungen in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Keimbildung von Selenit (Marienglas) wurde zu 16±3 kcal/Mol gefunden. 相似文献
62.
The nucleation and crystallization of whewellite and weddelite during displacement reactions has been investigated by means of thermomicroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Gypsum cleavage plates were immersed at different temperatures in solutions of oxalic acid and alkali oxalates. The reaction product (whewellite and/or weddelite) formed on the gypsum crystal surface. Depending on the concentration of the solution and on the time and temperature, different degrees of reaction, which means varying amounts and crystal forms or Ca-oxalate were found. An evaluation of the growth rate was possible by means of thermogravimetry. Conditions for the preparation of pure weddelite by precipitation from solutions have been established.
We are grateful to Mr. R. Wessicken, Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, Zürich-Hönggerberg, for taking the SEM-Photographs. Also, the kind help of Dr. A. Reller, Institute of Inorganic Chemisty, University of Zürich, for running the X-ray heating photographs is acknowledged. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Keimbildung und Kristallisation von Whewellit und Weddelit bei Verdrängungsreaktionen wurden durch Thermomikroskopie, Thermogravimetrie, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Gipsspaltplättchen wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen in Oxalsäure- und Natriumoxalatlösungen eingetaucht. Das Reaktionsprodukt (Whewellit oder Weddelit) bildete sich auf der Oberfläche des Gipskristalls. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration der Lösung, der Zeit und der Temperatur wurden verschiedene Umsetzungen, d. h. verschiedene Menge und Kristallformen von Calciumoxalat gefunden. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit ließ sich aus thermogravimetrischen Messungen ermitteln. Die Bedingungen zur Herstellung reinen Weddelits durch Fällung aus der Lösung wurden ermittelt.
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We are grateful to Mr. R. Wessicken, Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, Zürich-Hönggerberg, for taking the SEM-Photographs. Also, the kind help of Dr. A. Reller, Institute of Inorganic Chemisty, University of Zürich, for running the X-ray heating photographs is acknowledged. 相似文献
63.
Devices for future all-optical network systems will have a strong requirement for polarization independent operation, which can be achieved by introducing biaxially tensile strain into MQW active regions. We report on InP based low pressure MOVPE growth of MQW structures for 1.55 μm wavelength with tensile strained InGaAs and InGaAsP wells and lattice matched InGaAsP barrier layers. Taking into account measurement results from X-ray and PL together with theoretical evaluations we were able to grow polarization insensitive device structures. For all-optical wavelength converters we used MQW stacks with 5 tensile strained ternary wells and achieved λ conversion with a polarization dependence of less than 1 dB. Using quaternary wells a polarization insensitive electroabsorption modulator was realized. The residual polarization dependence is < 0.4 dB for 1550 nm and < 1 dB in the wavelength range from 1540 to 1560 nm (extinction ratio 10 dB). 相似文献
64.
65.
B. Wiedemann G. Rädlinger H. Ch. Alt K. G. Heumann K. Bethge 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1999,364(8):772-776
The residual or doped element concentration [E] in GaAs measured by SSMS is only accurate with respect to the relative sensitivity
coefficient RSCE. For a trace element concentration, the RSCE = [E]SSMS/[E]TRUE is set to unity, if no reference material or method is available to approximate the concentration to the true value. For
boron a relative sensitivity coefficient of RSCB = 0.94 ± 0.08 was obtained using TI-IDMS as a reference method. RSCN = 1 is used for nitrogen determinations. A boron and nitrogen detection limit of 4.4 × 1013 cm–3 is achieved. SSMS was used as reference method to calibrate the FTIR factor fE = [E] / Iα due to the integrated local vibrational mode absorption Iα of atomic boron and nitrogen in GaAs. A factor of fB = (12.0 × 2.7) × 1016 cm–1 (517 cm–1) and fN = (7.4 ± 0.1) × 1015 cm–1 (472 cm–1) was obtained for a boron and nine nitrogen containing GaAs samples at 77 K and 10 K, respectively.
Received: 15 December 1998 / Revised: 8 April 1999 / Accepted: 13 April 1999 相似文献
66.
B. Wiedemann K. Bethge W. Schütze U. Lambert S. Pahlke T. Reinhold B. Weinert T. Flade 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1994,350(4-5):319-322
Radiofrequency spark source mass spectrometry is a reliable and precise analytical method to measure the amount of oxygen in silicon grown by the Czochralski technique from SiO2 crucibles in the common range from 2ppm(atomic) to 20ppm(atomic) and in silicon grown by the floating zone technique below 0.1ppm(atomic). The technique is also excellent for the measurement of the amount of carbon in semi-insulating gallium arsenide grown under low and high pressure N2 ambient gas by the B2O3 encapsulated Czochralski technique from pyrolytic BN crucibles in the common range from 0.02ppm(atomic) to 0.4ppm(atomic). The results are in rather good agreement with concentrations measured by charged particle activation analysis and consistent with those obtained using other methods. 相似文献
67.
A characteristic feature of small-x lepton-proton data from HERA is geometric scaling: the fact that in the region of small Bjorken variable x, x less, similar 0.01, all data can be described by a single variable Q(2)/Q(2)(s,p)(x), with all x dependence encoded in the so-called saturation momentum Q(s,p)(x). Here, we observe that the same scaling ansatz accounts for nuclear photoabsorption cross sections and favors the nuclear dependence Q(2)(s,A) proportional, variant A(alpha)Q(2)(s,p), alpha approximately 4/9. We then make the empirical finding that the same A dependence accounts for the centrality evolution of the multiplicities measured in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. It also allows one to parametrize the high-p(t) particle suppression in d+Au collisions at forward rapidities. If these geometric scaling properties have a common dynamical origin, then this A dependence of Q(2)(s,A) should emerge as a consequence of the underlying dynamical model. 相似文献
68.
M. Kalvius W. Wiedemann R. Koch P. Kienle H. Eicher 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1962,170(3):267-273
The temperature dependence of the hyperfine splitting of the 8.42 keVγ-ray of Tm169 in oxide crystals was investigated using the Mößbauer-effect. The quadrupole splitting of the first excited state in Tm169 showed a pronounced increase with decreasing temperature. This manifests a contribution of various Stark levels, which are occupied according to their Boltzmann factors, to an average field gradient at the nucleus. It is shown in a model calculation for the temperature dependence of the field gradient that the data can be explained using a maximum splitting of about 400 cm?1 of the electronic groundstate by the crystal field. The emission pattern of the Er2O3-source is broadened below 20° K. This is possibly produced by an interaction with a residual magnetic field from the surrounding Er-ions. 相似文献
69.
M. Kalvius P. Kienle H. Eicher W. Wiedemann C. Schüler 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1963,172(2):231-238
The hyperfine transition from the 8·42 kev level to the groundstate of Tm169 was investigated using the Mössbauer-Effect in Tm-metal in the temperature range between 5° K and 60° K. Well resolved hyperfine spectra were found between 5° K and 25° K indicating an internal magnetic field of about 7×106 Oe and a large electric fieldgradient. The ratio of the magnetic moments of the 8·42 keV rotational state to the groundstateμ a /μ g =?2·33±0·04 was deduced from these measurements. The magnetic moment of the groundstate and the quadrupole moment of the 8·42 kev level were deduced from calculated internal fields. These data were analyzed in terms of the “Unified Nuclear Model” and the results compared with other known magnetic moments andM-1-transition probabilities in theK=1/2 rotational band of Tm169. The complicated hyperfine spectra obtained above 25° K reveal the influence of complex magnetic ordering on the internal fields in Tm-metal. 相似文献
70.
Rudolf L. Mössbauer Werner H. Wiedemann 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1960,159(1):33-48
Nuclear resonant absorption of gamma-rays has been observed in nuclei of Re187 bound in a crystal lattice. At a temperature of 20° K a small fraction of the gammaquanta of the 134 keV transition to the ground state is emitted with essentially no energy lost to recoil, the recoil momentum being taken up by the entire crystal, not by the individual nucleus. Nuclei of Re187 similarly bound in a crystal lattice have been irradiated with such gamma-rays emitted without loss of energy, resulting in an oberservable resonance absorption. Using a relative velocity of the order of 10 cm/sec the line emitted with the natural line width has been shifted away from the absorption line, resulting in the destruction of the resonance phenomena. Analysis of the variation in transmission as a function of the Doppler shift of the emitted gamma-ray yields a value ofτ=(1,5±0,2) · 10?11 sec for the lifetime of the 134 keV excited state in Re187. 相似文献