Notiz über eine regiospezifische Methode zur Herstellung von konjugierten Cyclohexadienen Über synthetische Methoden, 11. Mitteilung

β,γ-unsaturated δ-hydroxy-cyclohexene carboxylic acids undergo a smooth decarboxylative elimination when treated with DMF-dineopentylacetal in an unpolar solvent. The reaction provides a method for the regiospecific preparation of 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivatives under non-isomerizing conditions, starting from easily accessible and structurally variable intermediates.     

Chromatic polynomials and whitney's broken circuits

The theorem of Hassler Whitney, which gives the chromatic polynomial of a graph in terms of “broken circuits,” is used to derive a new formula for the coefficients of chromatic polynomials.     

Antifading embedding media in confocal immunoflourescence microscopy

Fading or bleaching of fluorescence intensity during continuous illumination of stained objects is a serious problem in fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence intensity as well as bleaching characteristics of dyes are dependent primarily upon physical parameters such as molecular constants (absorption rate and quantum efficiency), excitation energy and brightness (causes photon saturation), and environmental parameters (pH, ions, binding to proteins, etc.) that can strongly influence the properties of fluorochrome molecules. We have studied the effect of various antifading reagents on the behavior of the common dyes fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE) using immunofluorescent-stained living cells in suspension or membrane-permeabilized dried cells as test systems. As expected, fading cannot be completely eliminated but may be reduced to varying degrees. In our hands, the most efficient antifading reagent for FITC isn-propyl gallate (NPG) dissolved in glycerol. No additive was found to retard fading, but complete dehydration of the cell suspension reduces this effect.     

Schmelzreaktionen mit Aluminiumchlorid. 2 Mitteilung. Über die Konstitution eines orangen Küpenfarbstoffs aus der Pyridin-Aluminiumchlorid-Schmelze von 1-Aminoantrachinon

The structure of an orange vat dye obtained by the fusion of 1-aminoanthraquinone in anhydrous pyridine-aluminiumchloride has been investigated. By synthesis this dye is proved to be an “anthrimide”-carbazole derivative of the recently described 11, 16-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[c, mn]naphtho[2,3-h]acridine-5, 11, 16-trione.     

Distribution, structure, and dynamics of cesium and iodide ions at the H2O-CCl4 and H2O-vapor interfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations utilizing many-body potentials of H2O-CCl4 and H2O-vapor interfaces were carried out at different cesium and iodide ion concentrations to compare ion distribution, interfacial orientational and structural properties, and dynamics. It was found that cesium was repelled by both interfaces, and iodide was active at both interfaces, but to a much greater degree at the H2O-vapor interface. At the interface, the iodide dipole was strongly induced, orienting perpendicular to the interface for both systems, leading to stronger hydrogen bonds with water. For the H2O-CCl4 interface, though, there was a compensation between these strong hydrogen bonds and short to moderate ranged repulsion between iodide and CCl4. Hydrogen bond distance and angular distributions showed weaker water-water hydrogen bonds at both interfaces, but generally stronger water-iodide hydrogen bonds. Both translational and rotational dynamics of water were faster at the interface, while for CCl4, its translational dynamics was slower, but rotational dynamics faster at the interface. For many of the studied systems and species, translational diffusion was found to be anisotropic at both interfacial and bulk regions.     

Molecular mechanism of transporting a polarizable iodide anion across the water-CCl4 liquid/liquid interface

The result of transferring a polarizable iodide anion across the H2O-CCl4 liquid/liquid interface was investigated in this study. The computed transfer-free energy profile or potential of mean force exhibits a minimum near the Gibbs dividing surface. These system characteristics are similar to those found in a corresponding study of iodide transfer across the H2O-vapor interface; however, the free energy minimum was lower at the H2O-vapor interface. Molecular dynamics simulations were also carried out to compare the concentrations of NaCl, NaBr, and NaI at the H2O-vapor and H2O-CCl4 interfaces. While the concentration of bromide and iodide ions were lower at the H2O-CCl4 interface when compared to the H2O-vapor interface, the chloride ion concentrations were similar at both interfaces. Analysis of the solvation structures of iodide and chloride ions revealed that the more polarizable iodide ion was less solvated than the chloride ion at the interface. This characteristic brought the iodide ion into greater contact with CCl4, resulting in repulsive interactions with CCl4 and reducing its tendency to move to the interface.     

On the statistical solutions of Vlasov-Poisson equations in two dimensions

We investigate the problem of the uniqueness of the statistical solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson equations for an electron plasma in a two dimensional torus.

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Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchen die Frage nach der Eindeutigkeit statistischer Lösungen der Vlasov-Poisson-Gleichung für eln Eiektronenplasma im räumlich zweidimensionalen periodischen Fall.

     

Fluctuations in a one-dimensional mechanical system. I. The Euler limit

We prove the central limit theorem for the density fluctuation field of a one-dimensional mechanical system (hard rods with equal masses and lengths and elastic collisions) in the hydrodynamic limit on the Euler time scale. The limiting process is deterministic and is governed by the linearized Euler equations of the model.