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991.
Pirita Rämänen Paavo A. Penttilä Kirsi Svedström Sirkka Liisa Maunu Ritva Serimaa 《Cellulose (London, England)》2012,19(3):901-912
Cellulose whiskers were prepared from wood- and cotton-based microcrystalline cellulose and dried by two methods: freeze-drying
or air-drying. The effect of drying method on the properties and structure of the whiskers were studied. Furthermore, the
influence of the source of cellulose on the nanoscale structure was investigated. Drying method was observed to slightly influence
the thermal stability of cellulose whiskers, whereas the char residue varied significantly depending on the drying process
performed. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to examine
the crystallinity and nanoscale structure of the dried whiskers. It was observed that the crystal structure and crystallinity
of cellulose whiskers remained during all treatments, whereas their nanoscale structure was significantly influenced by drying
method, neutralization, and source of cellulose. Relationships between thermal behavior and nanoscale structure were reported
and discussed. 相似文献
992.
Ayman Ben Mabrouk Hamid Kaddami Sami Boufi Fouad Erchiqui Alain Dufresne 《Cellulose (London, England)》2012,19(3):843-853
The microstructure and chemical composition of alfa (Stipa tenacissima) were investigated. The polysaccharide and lignin contents were around 70 and 20 wt%, respectively. From the bleached and
delignified fibers, two types of nanosized cellulosic particles were extracted, namely cellulose nanocrystals and microfibrillated
cellulose (MFC). The former correspond typically to the elementary crystallite units of the cellulose fibers, with a rod-like
morphology and an aspect ratio of about 20. The latter, mechanically disintegrated from oxidized bleached fibres, presents
an entangled fibrillar structure with widths in the range 5-20 nm. The reinforcing potential of the ensuing nanoparticles
was investigated by casting a mixture of acrylic latex and aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanoparticles. Thermo-mechanical
analysis revealed a huge enhancement of the stiffness above the glass transition of the matrix. Significant differences in
the mechanical reinforcing capability of the nanoparticles were reported. 相似文献
993.
994.
In supersonic adiabatic two-phase flows of steam, under the influence of supersonic acceleration, the fluid loses its equilibrium conditions and becomes supersaturated. Following this condition and to restore the fluid to equilibrium, micro droplets of water form in the absence of any surface or foreign particles. This phenomenon is called homogeneous nucleation and the formed minute small droplets grow along the fluid flow path. The formation of these droplets and their growth causes the release of the latent heat of evaporation to the gas phase particularly in the nucleation region, and results in an increase in the flow pressure which is called the condensation shock. In this paper, and in continuation of the series of papers by the authors, in addition to analytically solving the adiabatic gas-liquid supersonic flow of steam in a convergent-divergent channel, a novel solution to controlling the undesired effects of this pressure rise (condensation shock) is presented. In the proposed method, with the help of cooling the divergent section of the nozzle, the analytical model for the 1D non-adiabatic two-phase steam flows is further developed which shows considerable decrease in the intensity of the formed condensation shock. Also the growth rate of the formed droplets due to the cooling of the steam flow has higher importance than the nucleation itself. 相似文献
995.
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films with the size gradient of the LC droplets were prepared based on the epoxy/acrylate hybrid polymer matrix. The ultraviolet (UV) intensity gradient was induced by the UV-absorbing dye over the thickness of the samples. Taking advantage of the difference between the epoxy monomers and acrylate monomers in polymerisation rates and the UV intensity gradient, the gradient distribution of the LC droplet size was formed in PDLC films. The effect of the size gradient of the LC droplets on the electro-optical and the light-scattering properties of PDLC films was investigated. The results showed that due to the size gradient distribution of the LC droplets, PDLC films could exhibit the strong light scattering in the UV-visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) region. Consequently, it provides a potential approach for modulating NIR light transmittance. 相似文献
996.
Kyeong‐Ryoon Lee Sung Heum Choi Jin‐Sook Song Hyewon Seo Yoon‐Jee Chae Hwang Eui Cho Jin Hee Ahn Sung‐Hoon Ahn Myung Ae Bae 《Biomedical chromatography : BMC》2013,27(7):846-852
In this study, we developed a method for the determination of PF‐04620110 (2‐{(1r,4r)‐4‐[4‐(4‐amino‐5‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydropyrimido[5,4‐f][1,4]oxazepin‐6(5H)‐yl)phenyl]cyclohexyl}acetic acid), a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT‐1) inhibitor, in rat plasma and validated it using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Rat plasma samples were processed following a protein precipitation method by using acetonitrile and were then injected into an LC‐MS/MS system for quantification. PF‐04620110 and imipramine (internal standard) were separated using a Hypersil Gold C18 column, with a mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mm ammonium formate (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase. The ion transitions monitored in positive‐ion mode [M + H]+ of multiple‐reaction monitoring were m/z 397.0 → 260.2 for PF‐04620110 and m/z 280.8 → 86.0 for imipramine. The detector response was specific and linear for PF‐04620110 at concentrations within the range 0.05–50 µg/mL and the signal‐to‐noise ratios for the samples were ≥10. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the method matched the acceptance criteria for assay validation. PF‐04620110 was stable under various processing and/or handling conditions. PF‐04620110 concentrations in the rat plasma samples could be measured up to 24 h after intravenous or oral administration of PF‐04620110, suggesting that the assay is useful for pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
997.
Haojing Song Jin Wang Rui Zhang Xiaoyan Liu Guiyan Yuan Chunmin Wei Wenjing Zhao Rong Li Benjie Wang Ruichen Guo 《Biomedical chromatography : BMC》2013,27(11):1398-1405
Bergenin is the major component of Ardisia creanta sims and Rodgersia sambucifolia hemsl with many biological activities. Although bergenin has been used to treat human diseases in China for man years, there is no report regarding its metabolism. This is the first report to separate and identify the metabolites of bergenin in vivo. In the study, HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS/MS was used to investigate the metabolites of bergenin in vivo by analyzing the rat body fluid and feces samples. Three metabolites of bergenin were finally identified by the TIC chromatograms, and the structures were also confirmed by their MS2 spectra. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
998.
A convenient and scalable synthesis of l-amino-5-cyanonaphthalene was described. 相似文献
999.
Based on infrared absorption spectroscopy technique, a carbon monoxide sensor was developed using the fundamental absorption band of carbon monoxide molecule at the wavelength around 4.6 µm. The developed sensor consists of pulse-modulated wideband incandescence, open ellipsoid light-collector gas-cell, dual-channel detector, and control and signal-processing module. With the prepared standard carbon monoxide gas sample, sensing characteristics on carbon monoxide were investigated using the sensor. Experimental results reveal that the limit of detection is about 10 ppm, the relative error at the limit of detection point is less than 14%, and that is less than 7.8% within the low concentration range of 20~180 ppm. The maximum absolute errors of 50 min long-term measurement on the 0 and 14 ppm CO gas samples are about 3 and 3.17 ppm, respectively, and the standard deviations are as small as 0.18 and 1.25 ppm, respectively. Compared with the reported carbon monoxide detection systems utilizing quantum cascaded lasers and distributed feedback lasers, the proposed sensor shows potential applications in carbon monoxide detection under the circumstances of coal-mine and environmental protection, by virtue of high performance, low cost, simple optical structure, and so on. 相似文献
1000.
Zongxia Guo Yubao Song Ruiying Gong Youbing Mu Yi Jiang Ming Li 《Supramolecular chemistry》2013,25(5-6):383-391
Biomolecule-directed self-assembly of π-conjugated oligomers has attracted great attention in the past decade. In this contribution, two conjugates composed of quaterthiophene and tetrapeptide (Gly-Val-Gly-Val) were synthesised, namely peptide–thiophene–peptide (PTP) and thiophene–peptide–thiophene (TPT), to investigate the influence of peptide content ratio and its location in the molecular structures on the nanostructures and properties of the assemblies. Both conjugates formed organogels consisting of left-handed twisted nanostructures; however, anti-parallel β-sheets were observed in PTP while parallel β-sheets were obtained for TPT, although in both cases oligothiophenes adopted an H-like stacking mode. Obvious solvent-induced supramolecular chirality inversion from the oligothiophene segment was observed for PTP while such phenomenon was not clear for TPT. PTP and TPT gels also showed different stabilities towards temperature increase, as evidenced by variable-temperature circular dichroism study. From the data, it is suggested that the rational design of the location and ratio of peptide plays a key role in constructing materials with determined properties based on peptide–thiophene conjugates. 相似文献