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41.
It is widely recognized that acoustic degrees of freedom coupled to a thermal bath have amplitudes which fluctuate with a mean square proportional to temperature; this is the basis for the Debye theory of the heat capacity of insulating solids. It is shown here that these elastic wave thermal phonons have correlation functions identical to the system's ultrasonic Green's function, and furthermore that thermal noise in ultrasonic detectors should have correlation functions equivalent to conventional waveforms obtained by active transmission and reception. This suggests the possibility of doing ultrasonics without a source. Theory for the identity is presented, and several room temperature laboratory confirmations are conducted in the frequency range 0.1-1.0 MHz. The thermal nature of the origin of these correlations is established by comparing their strength with theoretical expectations. Applications are discussed. 相似文献
42.
van Sprang EN Ramaker HJ Boelens HF Westerhuis JA Whiteman D Baines D Weaver I 《The Analyst》2003,128(1):98-102
Many high quality products are produced in a batch wise manner. One of the characteristics of a batch process is the recipe driven nature. By repeating the recipe in an identical manner a desired end-product is obtained. However, in spite of repeating the recipe in an identical manner, process differences occur. These differences can be caused by a change of feed stock supplier or impurities in the process. Because of this, differences might occur in the end-product quality or unsafe process situations arise. Therefore, the need to monitor an industrial batch process exists. An industrial process is usually monitored by process measurements such as pressures and temperatures. Nowadays, due to technical developments, spectroscopy is more and more used for process monitoring. Spectroscopic measurements have the advantage of giving a direct chemical insight in the process. Multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) is a statistical way of monitoring the behaviour of a process. Combining spectroscopic measurements with MSPC will notice process perturbations or process deviations from normal operating conditions in a very simple manner. In the following an application is given of batch process monitoring. It is shown how a calibration model is developed and used with the principles of MSPC. Statistical control charts are developed and used to detect batches with a process upset. 相似文献
43.
Akemann and Anderson made a conjecture about pavingprojections in finite-dimensional matrix algebras which, iftrue, would settle the well-known KadisonSinger problem.Their conjecture is falsified in this paper by an explicit sequenceof counterexamples. 相似文献
44.
Aldrich LN Lebois EP Lewis LM Nalywajko NT Niswender CM Weaver CD Conn PJ Lindsley CW 《Tetrahedron letters》2009,50(2):212-215
General, high-yielding MAOS protocols for the expedient synthesis of functionalized 3,6-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines are described amenable to an iterative analog library synthesis strategy for the lead optimization of an M1 antagonist screening hit. Optimized compounds proved to be highly selective M1 antagonists. 相似文献
45.
46.
M. Shepherd E. R. Weaver P. G. Ledig Aktiebolaget Carba K. Melanby H. L. Harden P. Borinski H. Murschhauser R. Staufer R. Krais H. Markert H. Mogilnickij H. Heinicke K. Heimberger L. C. Mc Nair H. C. Gull St. Hediger E. Lieber R. Rosen K. M. Watson und N. H. Ceaglske 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1933,92(1-2):31-40
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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48.
We used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to characterize PdO(101) thin films grown on Pd(111), and the structural changes that occur during isothermal decomposition. We find that the PdO(101) thin films have high-quality surface structures that are characterized by large, crystalline terraces with low concentrations of point defects. Small domains of single-layer oxide are also present on the top layer of relatively thick PdO(101) films grown at 500 K. The thinner PdO(101) films exhibit negligible quantities of such domains, apparently because new domains agglomerate rapidly as the film thickness decreases. We find that the isothermal decomposition rate of a PdO(101) film at 720 K exhibits an autocatalytic regime in which the rate of oxygen desorption increases as the oxide decomposes. Our STM results demonstrate that reduced sites created during oxide decomposition catalyze further PdO decomposition, and reveal strong kinetic anisotropies in the decomposition. The kinetic anisotropies produce one-dimensional reaction fronts that propagate preferentially along the atomic rows of the PdO(101) surface, resulting in the formation of long chains of reduced sites. We also find that reduced sites promote oxygen recombination in neighboring rows of the Pd(101) structure, causing loops and larger aggregates of reduced sites to form. The promotion of decomposition across the atomic rows can qualitatively explain the autocatalytic desorption kinetics. Finally, the STM images provide evidence that underlying PdO(101) layers transfer oxygen to reduced surface domains, thus producing large domains of PdO(101) islands that coexist with reduced domains as well as the larger PdO(101) terraces of the initial surface. Re-oxidation of the surface acts to sustain the autocatalytic decomposition kinetics, and provides a mechanism for oxygen atoms to ultimately evolve from the subsurface of the PdO(101) film. 相似文献
49.
Asiya R. Mustafina Svetlana V. Fedorenko Nelya A. Makarova Ella KH. Kazakova Zul'fiya G. Bazhanova Vladimir E. Kataev Alexander I. Konovalov 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》2001,40(1-2):73-76
The inclusion behaviour of a new water-soluble sulfonated calix[4]resorcinarene towards alkylammonium and N-methylpyridinium cations has been investigated on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and pH-potentiometry data. The inclusion of the N-methylpyridinium cation has been found to be dependent on pH with the preferable inclusion of the methyl substituent in alkaline and the aromatic ring in neutral aqueous media. 相似文献
50.