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51.
Summary The available laboratory data of turbulent boundary layer flow over two-dimensional obstacles have been examined in order
to identify the parameters (such as the aspect ratio or the surface roughness) driving the onset of separation. A comparison
with some linearized models suitable for atmospheric applications is also made. It results that i) the model response can
be highly sensitive to the detailed shape of the obstacle; ii) the ratio between obstacle length and boundary layer thickness
is relevant in determining the pressure perturbation near the surface; iii) the surface shear stress is poorly described in
most cases and in particular in the obstacle wake.
Riassunto I dati di laboratorio disponibili, relativi a strati limite turbolenti su ostacoli bidimensionali, sono stati esaminati al fine di identificare i parametri guida della separazione (quali la pendenza o la rugosità della superficie). Inoltre è stato fatto un confronto con i risultati di alcuni modelli linearizzati adatti per applicazioni atmosferiche. Ne risulta che i) la risposta del modello è molto sensibile alla forma dettagliata dell’ostacolo; ii) il rapporto fra la lunghezza dell’ostacolo e lo spessore dello strato limite turbolento incidente è importante nel determinare la perturbazione della pressione vicino alla superficie; iii) lo ?shear stress? superficiale non è riprodotto con accuratezza nella maggioranza dei casi, in particolare nella scia dell’ostacolo.
Резюме Анализируются имеющиеся лабораторные данные по турбулентному течению в пограничном слое над двумерными препятствиями, чтобы идентифицировать параметры (такие как аспектное отношение или шероховатость поверхности), определяющие возникновение отрыва. Проводится сравнение с некоторыми линеаризованными моделями, удобными для атмосферных приложений. Получены следующие результаты: 1) модельный отклик может быть очень чувствительным к детальной форме препятствия; 2) отношение между длиной препятствия и толщиной поверхностного слоя является существенным при определении возмущения давления вблизи поверхности; 3) напряжение поверхностного сдвига плохо описывается в большинстве случаев и, в частности, в спутной струе.相似文献
52.
Summary Using a saturated non-boiling hydrocarbon mixture, the influence of two parameters on the results of field ionization mass spectrometry (FI-MS) measurements was studied: (a) the potential difference between the FI emitter and the counterelectrode; (b) the emitter temperature.Variation of the potential difference had only a minor effect on the average molecular mass measured and had no evident effect on the relative ring number distribution in the sample. In contrast, when the emitter temperature was increased, higher average molecular masses were recorded. Moreover, the average molecular masses shifted to higher ring numbers. In order to control the relationship between the described influences during mixture analysis, measuring instructions have been developed that enable the quantitative analysis of unknown saturated samples. However, average molecular mass of the mixture must be known.
Entwicklung einer quantitativen FI-MS-Methode zur Charakterisierung von gesättigten hoch- und nichtsiedenden Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen相似文献
53.
54.
Inspired by the recent work [HHM03], we prove two stability results for compact Riemannian manifolds with nonzero parallel spinors. Our first result says that Ricci flat metrics which also admit nonzero parallel spinors are stable (in the direction of changes in conformal structures) as the critical points of the total scalar curvature functional. Our second result, which is a local version of the first one, shows that any metric of positive scalar curvature cannot lie too close to a metric with nonzero parallel spinor. We also prove a rigidity result for special holonomy metrics. In the case of SU(m) holonomy, the rigidity result implies that scalar flat deformations of Calabi-Yau metric must be Calabi-Yau. Finally we explore the connection with a positive mass theorem of [D03], which presents another approach to proving these stability and rigidity results. Dedicated to Jeff Cheeger for his sixtieth birthday 相似文献
55.
The Iyengar Type Inequalities with Exact Estimations and the Chebyshev Central Algorithms of Integrals 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Xing Hua WANG Shi Jun YANG 《数学学报(英文版)》2005,21(6):1361-1376
In this paper, both low order and high order extensions of the Iyengar type inequality are obtained. Such extensions are the best possible in the same sense as that of the Iyengar inequality. hzrthermore, the Chebyshev central algorithms of integrals for some function classes and some related problems are also considered and investigated. 相似文献
56.
In this paper, the transformation processes of two types of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)zinc: Znq2 dihydrate and anhydrous (Znq2)4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectra (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The effects of crystal structure on optical properties of bis(8-hydroxyquinoiline)zinc were analyzed. Znq2 dihydrate can be transformed into anhydrous (Znq2)4 during heating under vacuum. Reversal transformation occurs by the interaction between chloroform and (Znq2)4. But (Znq2)4 was partially transformed into Znq2 dihydrate by the interaction between ethanol and (Znq2)4. The different molecular structure results in different crystal stacking and electronic structure, thereby affect its optical properties. 相似文献
57.
K. C. Kumara Swamy E. Balaraman M. Phani Pavan N. N. Bhuvan Kumar K. Praveen Kumar N. Satish Kumar 《Journal of Chemical Sciences》2006,118(6):495-501
The diversity of products in the reaction of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD)/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) and activated
acetylenes with PIII compounds bearing oxygen or nitrogen substituents is discussed. New findings that are useful in understanding the nature
of intermediates involved in the Mitsunobu reaction are highlighted. X-ray structures of two new compounds (2-t-Bu-4-MeC6H3O)P (μ-N-t-Bu)2P+[(NH-t-Bu)N[(CO2]-i-Pr)(HNCO2-i-Pr)]](Cl-)(2-t-Bu-4-MeC6H3OH)(23)and [CH2(6-t-Bu-4-Me-C6H2O)2P(O)C(CO2Me)C-(CO2Me)CClNC(O)Cl] (33) are also reported. The structure of23 is close to one of the intermediates proposed in the Mitsunobu reaction. 相似文献
58.
Kristian Hougaard Frederik D. Nielsen 《Journal of Optical and Fiber Communications Reports》2004,1(1):63-83
In this paper we will present an overview of the use
of photonic crystal fibers as fiber amplifiers. We
will describe the basic concepts of optical
amplification, and how to do numerical modelling of
such components. We will then identify advantages
and disadvantages of amplifiers based on PCF
technology compared to conventional fibers, and then
go into greater detail on some of these specific
applications, such as low pump power amplifiers, and
high-power double-clad amplifiers and lasers. 相似文献
59.
It is widely accepted that next-generation networks will provide guaranteed services, in contrast to the “best effort” approach today. We study and analyze queueing policies for network switches that support the QoS (Quality of Service) feature. One realization of the QoS feature is that packets are not necessarily all equal, with some having higher priorities than the others. We model this situation by assigning an intrinsic value to each packet. In this paper we are concerned with three different queueing policies: the nonpreemptive model, the FIFO preemptive model, and the bounded delay model. We concentrate on the situation where the incoming traffic overloads the queue, resulting in packet loss. The objective is to maximize the total value of packets transmitted by the queueing policy. The difficulty lies in the unpredictable nature of the future packet arrivals. We analyze the performance of the online queueing policies via competitive analysis, providing upper and lower bounds for the competitive ratios. We develop practical yet sophisticated online algorithms (queueing policies) for the three queueing models. The algorithms in many cases have provably optimal worst-case bounds. For the nonpreemptive model, we devise an optimal online algorithm for the common 2-value model. We provide a tight logarithmic bound for the general nonpreemptive model. For the FIFO preemptive model, we improve the general lower bound to 1.414, while showing a tight bound of 1.434 for the special case of queue size 2. We prove that the bounded delay model with uniform delay 2 is equivalent to a modified FIFO preemptive model with queue size 2. We then give improved upper and lower bounds on the 2-uniform bounded delay model. We also show an improved lower bound of 1.618 for the 2-variable bounded delay model, matching the previously known upper bound. 相似文献
60.
Geng Sheng WANG 《数学学报(英文版)》2005,21(5):1005-1014
This work is concerned with Pontryagin's maximum principle of optimal control problems governed by some non-well-posed semilinear heat equations. A type of approach to the non-well-posed optimal control problem is given. 相似文献