Simulating Withdrawal Behaviors in Work Organizations: An Example of a Virtual Society

This article discusses computational modeling as a research discipline increasingly accessible to researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, a method necessary to allow us to address several important questions. Construction and use of virtual societies in which complex behavioral processes may be simulated in exquisite detail is possible because of the capacity and speed of desk top computers combined with requisite theoretical and methodological developments. Modeling has strengths orthogonal and complementary to those of the experimental tradition and correlational analyses of individual differences. These strengths can be exploited in many areas of psychology. Behavioral processes within a segment of a virtual society can be simulated with extreme levels of realism using overarching theoretical and empirical framework; segments can be combined to provide more macro statements. Variables that represent forces impinging on individuals from the macro-environment; variables that characterize relatively more micro-environments such as a work organization or the family or a classroom; and individual-level variables that summarize attitudinal, cognitive, and value states or traits can be included easily in simulations. Researchers can decompose and evaluate the interplay of multi-level causal forces as they interact within different theoretical models of how individuals enact different, interrelated behaviors. Temporal dynamics of behavioral processes, not well addressed by traditional research disciplines, can be exploited in modeling to permit the realistic study of dynamical, nonlinear systems. These points are illustrated by results from a program designed to simulate the process by which individuals withdraw from aversive work situations.     

On topological charge stabilization in heterocyclic compounds

According to Gimarc's principle of topological chargestabilization, heteroatomic molecules are topologically stabilized when more electronegative atoms are placed in those positions where atom-atom connectivity and the electron-filling level provide the highest electron charge in the reference hydrocarbon frame. Recently, we showed that the relative atomic moments of energy (the frequencies of atomic self-returning walks) in such uniform molecular skeletons are equal to the respective squared principal eigenvector coefficients. We show here that for conjugated heteroryclic molecules these partial atomic charges follow closely the patterns mirrored by topological charge stabilization and, by producing a nonuniform charge distribution in alternant molecules, enable the broader application of this principle to such molecules.Texas A&M university, Galveston, Texas. Published in Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1011–1022,August, 1995. Original article submitted May 19, 1995.Dedicated to N. S. Zefirov for his important contributions to mathematical chemistry, as well as for his friendly help to those who need it.     

The recognition of isolated words and words in sentences: individual variability in the use of sentence context

Estimates of the ability to make use of sentence context in 34 postlingually hearing-impaired (HI) individuals were obtained using formulas developed by Boothroyd and Nittrouer [Boothroyd and Nittrouer, J. Acoust. Sco. Am. 84, 101-114 (1988)] which relate scores for isolated words to words in meaningful sentences. Sentence materials were constructed by concatenating digitized productions of isolated words to ensure physical equivalence among the test items in the two conditions. Isolated words and words in sentences were tested at three levels of intelligibility (targeting 29%, 50%, and 79% correct). Thus, for each subject, three estimates of context ability, or k factors, were obtained. In addition, auditory, visual, and auditory-visual sentence recognition was evaluated using natural productions of sentence materials. Two main questions were addressed: (1) Is context ability constant for speech materials produced with different degrees of clarity? and (2) What are the relations between individual estimates of k and sentence recognition as a function of presentation modality? Results showed that estimates of k were not constant across different levels of intelligibility: k was greater for the more degraded condition relative to conditions of higher word intelligibility. Estimates of k also were influenced strongly by the test order of isolated words and words in sentences. That is, prior exposure to words in sentences improved later recognition of the same words when presented in isolation (and vice versa), even though the 1500 key words comprising the test materials were presented under degraded (filtered) conditions without feedback. The impact of this order effect was to reduce individual estimates of k for subjects exposed to sentence materials first and to increase estimates of k for subjects exposed to isolated words first. Finally, significant relationships were found between individual k scores and sentence recognition scores in all three presentation modalities, suggesting that k is a useful measure of individual differences in the ability to use sentence context.     

S-P wave interference in K+K− photoproduction near K+K− threshold

A mass-dependent asymmetry was observed in the decay angular distribution of a photoproduced K⁺K^? system near the K⁺K^? threshold. The corresponding moments 〈Y₁⁰〉 have been evaluated. Interpreting the asymmetry as an S-P wave interface due to the states S₉₉₃¹(0⁺) and ø₁₀₁₉(1^?) one can compute the moments 〈Y₁⁰〉 through an amplitude analysis. The theoretical calculation reproduces the experimental results well, if one assumes a real S-wave amplitude for the S₉₉₃¹. The data cannot be explained by a non-resonant real S-wave. Other possibilities have been discussed. An estimate of the photoproduction cross section of the $\text{S}{}^1\text{→}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ can be given on the basis of the above hypothesis.     

Reaktive Mikrogele. 4. Mitt. Über Besonderheiten bei der Emulsionspolymerisation von 1,4-Divinylbenzol

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Reaktive Mikrogele. 7. Mitt. Hydroxylgruppenhastige Mikrogele

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