A rapid and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) in pharmaceutical and environmental samples using benzildithiosemicarbazone.

Benzildithiosemicarbazone (BDTSC) is proposed as a sensitive and selective analytical reagent for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of copper(II). BDTSC reacts with copper(II) in the pH range 1.0-7.0 to form a yellowish complex. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 0.5-0.4 microg cm(-3). The yellowish Cu(II)-BDTSC complex in chloroform shows a maximum absorbance at 380 nm, with molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity values of 1.63 x 10(4) dm3 mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.00389 microg cm(-2), respectively. A repetition of the method is checked by finding the relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 10), which is 0.6%. The composition of the Cu(II)-BDTSC complex is established as 1:1 by slope analysis, molar ratio and Asmus' methods. An excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient value of 0.98 is obtained for the Cu(II)-BDTSC complex. The instability constant of the complex calculated from Edmond and Birnbaum's method is 7.70 x 10(-4) and that of Asmus' method is 7.66 x 10(-4), at room temperature. The method is successfully employed for the determination copper(II) in pharmaceutical and environmental samples. The reliability of the method is assured by analyzing the standard alloys (BCS 5g, 10g, 19e, 78, 32a, 207 and 179) and by inter-comparison of experimental values, using an atomic absorption spectrometer.     

Finite element method in the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations for internal flow

Finite element solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are presented, using a simple dissipation model. The discretization is based on the weak-Galerkin weighted residual method and equal interpolation functions for all the unknowns are permitted. The nonlinearity is iterated upon using a Newton method and at each iteration the linear algebraic system is solved by a direct solver with all unknowns fully coupled. Results are presented for two-dimensional transonic inviscid flows and two- and three-dimensional incompressible viscous flows. Convergence of the algorithm is shown to be quadratic, reaching machine accuracy in very few iterations. The inviscid results demonstrate the existence of nonunique numerical solutions to the steady Euler equations.     

Inverse problems for a mathematical model of redox sorption

We consider a mathematical model of sorption that allows for external diffusion kinetics and a redox reaction. Two inverse problems are considered for this model, uniqueness is proved, and numerical solution methods are proposed. The efficiency of the numerical methods is investigated by computer experiments. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Matematika i Informatika, No. 23, pp. 15–23, 2006.     

Growth and study of single crystals of (Na,K)NbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> solid solutions

(Na, K)NbO₃ crystals with a perovskite structure and a KNbO₃ content up to 40 mol % were grown from flux with the use of the solvent NaBO₂. The dielectric measurements of the crystals grown revealed phase transitions that had never been observed before in ceramic samples.     

VECTOR FIELDS IN R2 WITH MAXIMAL INDEX

We consider the method of Poincaré to investigate thelocal index of vector fields in the plane. If m is the degreeof the first non-zero jet, X_m, of the vector field X at an isolatedzero, we explore the geometry of the pencil generated by thecoordinate functions of X_m when the absolute value of the indexof X, |ind (X)|, is m. We also find necessary and sufficientconditions for |ind (X)| to be m.     

Ultrashort pulse laser osteotomy

Laser treatment of bone tissue has already been the subject of many studies to find substitutes for mechanical instruments that are nowadays used in implantology and orthopaedics. Mainly lasers with pulse durations in the μs region have been tested leaving surface features that are not always satisfactory. Therefore, in the present study laser osteotomy has been performed with a 330 fs Yb:glass laser, λ = 1040 nm, at a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. For bovine spongiosa, compacta, and cartilage, the ablation thresholds as well as the ablation rates for various pulse energies have been determined. Additionally, quadratic areas have been ablated in bone tissue. The remaining morphology has been analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. Laser ablation has also been performed with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser, λ = 2780 nm, PRR = 20 Hz, τ ～ 50 μs. The results of USPL and Erbium laser ablation are compared.