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101.
A hypothesis concerning the exponential buildup of polyelectrolyte multilayer films prepared by layer-by-layer assembly has become widely accepted in the scientific community. This model was first introduced with experimental data in Langmuir. It was subsequently described in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and extended and amended in papers in Langmuir and other journals. According to the "in and out diffusion" hypothesis, as it is called, or "common rule" of exponential multilayer film buildup, as it is widely regarded, "a diffusion-based buildup mechanism ... explains most of the exponential-like growth process of polyelectrolyte multilayers reported in the literature." The present work offers an alternative viewpoint to specific elements of the hypothesis and the model as a whole. 相似文献
102.
Choonara YE Pillay V Ndesendo VM du Toit LC Kumar P Khan RA Murphy CS Jarvis DL 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》2011,87(2):243-254
This study focused on evaluating four emulsion-based processing strategies for polymeric nanoparticle synthesis to explicate the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation and the influence on achieving sustained-release of two anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were formulated with and without sorbitan mono-oleate as a stabilizer using emulsion-solvent-surfactant-evaporation (ESSE) and emulsion-solvent-evaporation (ESE) approaches. An alginate solution gelled by ionic crosslinking with calcium chloride was employed to prepare alginate hydrogel nanoparticles via reverse-emulsion-cationic-gelification (RECG) and reverse-emulsion-surfactant-cationic-gelification (RESCG) approaches. In vitro drug release analysis was performed. The size, zeta potential and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed. Molecular mechanics energy relationships (MMER) were employed to explore the spatial disposition of alginate and PLGA with respect to the emulsifying profile of sorbitan monooleate and to corroborate the experimental findings. Results revealed that particle size of the PLGA nanoparticles was influenced by the stabilizer concentration. Nanoparticles synthesized by the ESSE approach had smaller sizes of 240±8.7 nm and 195.5±5.4 nm for rifampicin- and isoniazid-loaded nanoparticles, respectively. This was a substantial size reduction from nanoparticles generated by the ESE approach (>1000 nm). The RESCG approach produced stable and higher nanoparticle yields with desirable size (277±1.0 nm; 289±1.2 nm), a low polydispersity index (27.1±0.3 mV; 28.5±0.5 mV) and drug entrapment efficiency of 73% and 75% for isoniazid and rifampicin, respectively. Drug release from the ESSE and RESCG synthesized nanoparticles displayed desirable release of the two anti-TB drugs with sustained zero-order kinetics over a period of 8h. MMER supported the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation with a sphericalized interlaced network configuration. 相似文献
103.
Yury Torubaev Pradeep Mathur Alexander Pasynskii. 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2011,696(4):832-834
Treatment of ruthenium carbonyl, [Ru3(CO)12] with phenylseleno tribromide PhSeBr3 afforded a new triruthenium cluster, [(CO)10Br4Ru3(μ-SePh)2] (1). Its molecular structure was determined by single crystal XRD method (P21/c; a = 10.514(3) Å; b = 10.814(3) Å; c = 19.063(5) Å; β = 105.064(4)°; V = 2093.1(10) Å3) and shown to have two lateral Ru(CO)3Br2 units attached via two PhSe bridges to a Ru(CO)4 center forming a chain-like Ru-Se-Ru-Se-Ru cluster core. This is in contrast with a recently reported reaction of PhTeBr3 with [Ru3(CO)12] which formed a monomeric complex of ruthenium-dicarbonyl-dibromo fragment coordinating two PhTeBr ligands, [(CO)2RuBr2(PhTeBr)2]. 相似文献
104.
Pavagada Jagannathamurthy Ramesh Kanakapura Basavaiah Mysore Ranganath Divya Nagaraju Rajendraprasad Kanakapura Basavaiah Vinay Hosakere Doddarevanna Revanasiddappa 《Journal of Analytical Chemistry》2011,66(5):482-489
Doxycycline hyclate (DOX), a broad spectrum antibiotic with activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, is widely used
as a pharmacological agent and as an effector molecule in inducible gene expression system. Three simple, selective, rapid,
accurate, precise and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods for the determination of DOX in bulk drug and in tablets have
been developed and validated. First method (method A) is based on the measurement of absorbance of DOX in 0.1 M HCl at 240
nm. The second method (method B) is based on the measurement of yellow chromogen at 375 nm which is formed in 0.1 M NaOH.
The third method is based on the measurement of 2: 1 complex formed between DOX and iron(III) in H2SO4 medium, the complex peaking at 420 nm (method C). The optimum conditions for all the three methods are optimized. Beer’s
law was obeyed over the ranges 2.5–50.0, 1.50–30.0 and 10–100 g/mL for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The
apparent molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 1.03 × 104, 1.73 × 104, and 5.21 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1 for method A, method B, and method C, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit quantification (LOQ) values are also reported. All the methods were validated in accordance with current ICH guidelines. The developed methods
were employed with high degree of precision and accuracy for the estimation of total drug content in commercial tablet formulations
of DOX. 相似文献
105.
Varadwaj PR Varadwaj A Peslherbe GH Marques HM 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2011,115(45):13180-13190
Density functional theory calculations, together with quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses, have been performed to investigate 18-azacrown-6 complexes of the high-spin late first transition series divalent metal ions in the gas phase and, in some cases, in aqueous solution simulated by a polarizable continuum model. Six intramolecular H-H bonding interactions in the meso-complexes are found to arise from folding of the ligand upon its electrostatic interaction with the metal ions, which are largely absent in the lowest-energy C(2h) conformer of the free ligand. The ligand-to-metal charge transfer obtained from QTAIM analysis, among other things, is found to be an important factor that controls the stability of these complexes. The inter-relationship between the ligand preorganization energy, the zero-point corrected formation energy of the metal complexes, and the H-H bonding pair distances, as well as the dependence of the electron density and the total energy density at the H-H bond critical points on the H-H bonding pair distances, provides a physical basis for understanding and explaining the stabilizing nature of these closed-shell interactions, which are often viewed as steric clashes that lead to complex destabilization. 相似文献
106.
The tetracyclic core of the integrastatin natural products has been prepared in a convergent and rapid manner. Our strategy relies upon a palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization to form the central [3.3.1]-dioxabicycle of the natural product core. Overall, the core has been completed in only 4 linear steps from known compounds. 相似文献
107.
Garbarine E DePasquale J Gadia V Polikar R Rosen G 《Computational Biology and Chemistry》2011,35(3):199-209
Analysis of DNA sequences isolated directly from the environment, known as metagenomics, produces a large quantity of genome fragments that need to be classified into specific taxa. Most composition-based classification methods use all features instead of a subset of features that may maximize classifier accuracy. We show that feature selection methods can boost performance of taxonomic classifiers. This work proposes three different filter-based feature selection methods that stem from information theory: (1) a technique that combines Kullback-Leibler, Mutual Information, and distance information, (2) a text mining technique, TF-IDF, and (3) minimum redundancy-maximum-relevance (mRMR). The feature selection methods are compared by how well they improve support vector machine classification of genomic reads. Overall, the 6mer mRMR method performs well, especially on the phyla-level. If the number of total features is very large, feature selection becomes difficult because a small subset of features that captures a majority of the data variance is less likely to exist. Therefore, we conclude that there is a trade-off between feature set size and feature selection method to optimize classification performance. For larger feature set sizes, TF-IDF works better for finer-resolutions while mRMR performs the best out of any method for N=6 for all taxonomic levels. 相似文献
108.
N. J. A. Sloane Vinay A. Vaishampayan Sueli I. R. Costa 《Discrete and Computational Geometry》2011,46(3):472-478
It is shown that, given any (n−1)-dimensional lattice Λ, there is a vector v∈ℤ
n
such that the orthogonal projection of ℤ
n
onto v
⊥ is, up to a similarity, arbitrarily close to Λ. The problem arises in attempting to find the largest cylinder anchored at
two points of ℤ
n
and containing no other points of ℤ
n
. 相似文献
109.
A novel method to synthesize tertiary alkyl/aryl sulfides in a mild and regioselective manner from unactivated alkenes using cobalt catalysis is described. The methodology is compatible with sensitive functionalities and is successful with several different types of alkenes and sulfides. 相似文献
110.
Singh P Kumar P Kumari K Sharma P Mozumdar S Chandra R 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2011,78(2):909-912
In the present work, we report a novel method for the synthesis of palladium and lead nanoparticles by the reduction method in tetrazolium ring based ionic liquid. Palladium and lead nanoparticles so-prepared were well characterized by powder X-ray diffraction measurements (pXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quasi elastic light scattering (QELS) techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) analysis revealed all relevant Bragg's reflection for crystal structure of palladium and lead. Powder X-ray diffraction plots also revealed no oxidized material of palladium and lead nanoparticles. TEM showed nearly uniform distribution of the particles in methanol and confirmed by QELS. Typical applications of palladium nanoparticles include in vitro use and sensor design applications. Palladium nanoparticles is also ideal for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Palladium nanoparticles can also be considered as potential new catalysts. 相似文献