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921.
We analyze a method to extract additional depth resolved spectroscopic information from frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) data. The reconstruction of depth resolved spectra is obtained by a Fourier transform of the individual peaks in the complex FDOCT depth profiles. We demonstrate a validation of this concept with theoretical simulations and with accurate experimental studies on a multilayer sample with four different characteristic absorbers. The spatially resolved spectroscopic patterns of all individual sample layers are calculated from the depth resolved reconstructed spectra. With an additional pattern recognition algorithm, these reconstructed patterns are compared automatically to the spectral characteristics of the expected substances. This provides an allocation of the reconstructed spectra to the substances with high reliability. Thus, we present an automated substance identification directly from conventional FDOCT data, which increases significantly the information content of the image. 相似文献
922.
Erker W Scheumann V Möller M Knoll W Rühe J Decker H 《Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)》2006,37(8):735-741
The high molecular mass respiratory protein of the tarantula Eurypelma californicum, a 4 × 6-mer hemocyanin, was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Various substrates and methods were evaluated for immobilization of individual hemocyanin molecules on a solid surface. Samples were imaged after physisorption on mica and self-assembled monolayers, and after chemisorption on Au(111) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) functionalized surfaces. AFM measurements were carried out preferable in solution and contact mode, but also in Tapping mode and on air-dried samples. Adsorption of the protein on mica followed by drying and carrying out the measurements in Tapping mode gave the best results. In the AFM images the four hexamers of the native 4 × 6-mer hemocyanin have been defined. The results were compared with independent available structural data and represent a validation case for this technique applied for the first time on such giant and complex molecules. As observable in images taken by transmission electron microscopy and also proposed from SAXS data, 4 × 6-mers could be found where the half-molecules are tilted against each other. This study is a step in resolving conformational heterogeneities, involved in oxygen binding of hemocyanins, at the single-molecule level by AFM. 相似文献
923.
Volker Wedek Ruben VanLommel Constantin G. Daniliuc Frank DeProft Ulrich Hennecke 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2019,58(27):9239-9243
The use of a new class of unsymmetrical cinchona‐alkaloid‐based, phthalazine‐bridged organocatalysts enabled the highly enantioselective dichlorination of unfunctionalized alkenes. In combination with the electrophilic chlorinating agent 1,3‐dichloro‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) and triethylsilyl chloride (TES‐Cl) as the source of nucleophilic chloride, 1‐aryl‐2‐alkyl alkenes were dichlorinated with enantioselectivities of up to 94:6 er. Initial mechanistic investigations suggest that no free chlorine is formed, and by replacement of the chloride by fluoride, enantioselective chlorofluorinations of alkenes are possible. 相似文献
924.
Phil Liebing Franziska Stein Liane Hilfert Volker Lorenz Karyna Oliynyk Frank T. Edelmann 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2019,645(1):36-43
Nine new organoammonium violurates [R1R2R3NH][C4H2N3O4] [R1 = R2 = H, R3 = c‐C3H5 ( 2 ), R3 = tBu ( 3 ), R3 = adamantyl ( 4 ), R3 = C6H2Me2‐4,5‐NH2‐2 ( 5 ); R1 = H, R2 = R3 = Et ( 6 ), iPr ( 7 ); R1 = H, R2/R3 = (–CH2–)4 ( 8 ); R1 = R2 = R3 = Et ( 9 ); R1 = R2 = Me, R3 = (CH2)2NMe2 ( 10 )] were prepared by treatment of violuric acid ( 1 ) with a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. With the exception of orange 5 , all these violurate salts form bright blue or blue‐purple crystalline solids. The acidic triethylammonium violurate [NHEt3]H[C4H2N3O4]2 · H2O ( 9a ) was isolated in the form of red‐violet, plate‐like crystals by the reaction of violuric acid hydrate with triethylamine in a molar ratio of 2:1 in ethanol. All compounds were fully characterized by their IR and NMR (1H, 13C) data as well as elemental analyses. X‐ray crystal structures determinations of 2 , 7 , and 9a revealed supramolecular self‐assembly through networks of N–H ··· N and N–H ··· O hydrogen bonds in the crystalline state. 相似文献
925.
Lyapunov and exponential dichotomy spectral theory is extended from ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to nonautonomous
differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). By using orthogonal changes of variables, the original DAE system is transformed
into appropriate condensed forms, for which concepts such as Lyapunov exponents, Bohl exponents, exponential dichotomy and
spectral intervals of various kinds can be analyzed via the resulting underlying ODE. Some essential differences between the
spectral theory for ODEs and that for DAEs are pointed out. It is also discussed how numerical methods for computing the spectral
intervals associated with Lyapunov and Sacker-Sell (exponential dichotomy) can be extended from those methods proposed for
ODEs. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
相似文献
926.
Christian Hasse Volker Sohm Martin Wetzel Bodo Durst 《Flow, Turbulence and Combustion》2009,83(1):1-20
In this study a detached eddy simulation (DES) model, which belongs to the group of hybrid URANS/LES turbulence models, is
used for the simulation of vortex shedding behind a triangular obstacle. In the near wall region or in regions where the grid
resolution is not sufficiently fine to resolve smaller structures, the two-equation RANS shear-stress transport (SST) model
is used. In the other regions with higher grid resolution a LES model, which uses a transport equation for the turbulent subgrid
energy, is applied. The DES model is first investigated for two standard test cases, namely decaying homogeneous isotropic
turbulence and the backward facing step, respectively. For the decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence test case the evolution
of the energy spectra in wavenumber space for different times are studied for both the DES and a Smagorinsky type LES model.
Different grid resolutions are analyzed with a special emphasis on the modeling constant connecting the filter length scale
to the grid size. The results are compared to experimental data. The backward facing step test case is used to study the model
behavior for a case with a transition region between a RANS modeling approach close to the wall and LES based modeling in
the intense shear flow region. The final application is the simulation of the vortex shedding behind a triangular obstacle.
First, the influence of the inlet condition formulation is studied in detail as they can have a significant influence especially
for LES based models. Detailed comparisons between simulation and experiment for the flow structure past the obstacle and
statistical quantities such as the shedding frequency are shown. Finally the additional temporal and spatial information provided
by the DES model is used to show the predicted anisotropy of turbulence. 相似文献
927.
Peter C. Ma Tim Ewan Christopher Jainski Louise Lu Andreas Dreizler Volker Sick Matthias Ihme 《Flow, Turbulence and Combustion》2017,98(1):283-309
The performance, efficiency and emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines are affected by the thermo-viscous boundary layer region and heat transfer. Computational models for the prediction of engine performance typically rely on equilibrium wall-function models to overcome the need for resolving the viscous boundary layer structure. The wall shear stress and heat flux are obtained as boundary conditions for the outer flow calculation. However, these equilibrium wall-function models are typically derived by considering canonical flow configurations, introducing substantial modeling assumptions that are not necessarily justified for in-cylinder flows. The objective of this work is to assess the validity of several model approximations that are commonly introduced in the development of wall-function models for IC-engine applications. This examination is performed by considering crank-angle resolved high-resolution micro-particle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) measurements in a spark-ignition direct-injection single cylinder engine. Using these measurements, the performance of an algebraic equilibrium wall-function model commonly used in RANS and LES IC-engine simulations is evaluated. By identifying shortcomings of this model, a non-equilibrium differential wall model is developed and two different closures are considered for the determination of the turbulent viscosity. It is shown that both wall models provide adequate predictions if applied inside the viscous sublayer. However, the equilibrium wall-function model consistently underpredicts the shear stress if applied in the log-layer. In contrast, the non-equilibrium wall model provides improved predictions of the near-wall region and shear stress irrespective of the wall distance and the piston location. By utilizing the experimental data, significant adverse pressure gradients due to the large vortical motion inside the cylinder (induced by tumble, swirl and turbulence) are observed and included in the non-equilibrium wall model to further improve the model performance. These investigations are complemented by developing a consistent wall heat transfer model, and simulation results are compared against the equilibrium wall-function model and Woschni’s empirical correlation. 相似文献
928.
This paper presents a new efficient modeling strategy based on the combination of Binary Model and X–FEM. It is applied to represent the inner architecture of textile reinforced composites where the fabric is characterized by a complex geometry. Homogenization methods are used to compute the effective elastic material properties. Thereby, the discrete formulation of periodic boundary conditions is adapted. Finally, the results in terms of effective material properties reveal a good agreement with parameters obtained by experimental tests. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
929.
Gino Bentivoglio Alexander Schwärzler Klaus Wurst Volker Kahlenberg Gerhard Nauer Günther Bonn Herwig Schottenberger Gerhard Laus 《Journal of chemical crystallography》2009,39(9):662-668
Abstract The synthesis and crystal structures of 1,3-diamino-2-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (1), 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (2) and 1-(2-(diethylammonio)ethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (4) are reported. The salts 1, 2 and 4 have melting points below 100 °C, the intermediate 1-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
(3) is liquid at room temperature. Compound 1 is monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 8.4979(4) ?, b = 12.2803(6) ?, c = 13.9400(7) ?, β = 93.086(4)°, and Z = 4. Compound 2 is monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 7.6165(2) ?, b = 20.5323(8) ?, c = 9.7654(3) ?, β = 111.046(2)°, and Z = 4. Compound 4 is triclinic, space group with a = 8.5313(4) ?, b = 9.2157(4) ?, c = 20.5812(8) ?, α = 84.668(2)°, β = 83.738(2)°, γ = 63.096(2)°, and Z = 2. The ions in 1 build a network of N–H···O hydrogen bonds, in 2 they are linked to chains by O–H···N and bifurcated O–H···O hydrogen bonds, whereas in 4 they form pairs by N–H···O contacts. The triflimide anions adopt transoid conformations.
Index Abstract Short interionic contacts, conformational flexibility, and disorder phenomena were identified in the crystal structures of
three new, low-melting, protic imidazolium triflimides.
相似文献
930.
Attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of electron tunneling in a dissociating hydrogen molecular ion
We demonstrate the potential of intense-field pump, attosecond probe photoelectron spectroscopy to monitor electron tunneling between the two protons during dissociative ionization of the hydrogen molecule, with attosecond temporal and Angstrom-scale spatial resolution. 相似文献