Trichoderma Enzymes for Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

The contamination of agricultural products with mycotoxins causes risks to animal and human health and severe economic losses. Mycotoxicoses can be reduced by preventing fungal infection using chemical and biological approaches. The chemical strategies can release toxic molecules; therefore, strategies for biological control are being evaluated, such as using nontoxic fungi and their metabolites. This work evaluated the effect of exoenzymes produced by the beneficial fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum strain T22 in degrading Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA). The ability of Trichoderma to produce hydrolases was stimulated by using different inducing substrates. The highest AFB1 and OTA degradation activity was obtained using a medium containing lyophilized mushrooms and crude fiber. The T. afroharzianum T22’s ability to reduce mycotoxins may be attributed to peroxidase enzymes. This study showed that T. afroharzianum strain T22 or its peroxidase supplementation could represent a sustainable strategy for the degradation of AFB1 and OTA in feed and food products.     

Tricyclic heterocyclic systems: Pyrazolo[5′,4′:4,5]-and pyrazolo-[3′,4′:4,5]pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives

By reacting 2-chloronicotinoyl chloride with acetyl or benzoyl acetate, ethyl 2-methyl- or 2-phenyl-4-oxopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylates were prepared. The nucleophilic rearrangement of the latter with hydrazines gave rise to the title compounds.     

Capillary GC-MS investigation of the metabolism and excretion of oxabolone in man

The metabolism of oxabolone cipionate, 17-(3-cyclopentyl-1-oxopropoxy)-4-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one, a synthetic anabolic steroid, was investigated in man, the cumulative urinary excretion and the metabolism of the compounds being studied by GC-MS in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes. After administration by injection to volunteers, five different metabolities were detected in urine. The metabolites and the parent compound were detected in urine up to a week after administration.     

Tricyclic heteroaromatic systems. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazolo[4,3-c][l]benzazepin-1-ones as potential antitumor agents

The synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazolo[4,3-c][1]benzazepin-1-ones 1 and that of its 10-methyl derivative 2 is reported. The preparation of the latter from 3-(2-aminobenzyl)3-pyrazolin-5-one and triethyl ortho-formate gave as the main product a derivative of the new tricyclic ring system, pyrazolo[1,5-c][1,3]benzo-diazepine. The structures of the new compounds synthesized were assigned by means of a ¹³C nmr study.     

Structural changes in solvent-induced crystallization of quenched isotactic polypropylene

Solvent-induced crystallization of quenched isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films in dichloromethane, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform has been investigated.WAXD, density, and DSC measurements indicate that smectic iPP films undergo a complex rearrangement of the structure in these liquids, leading to a process of crystallization.Transport properties of the dried samples, after the solvent treatment, show that the first stage of crystallization involves, in addition to the smectic phase, a fraction of amorphous phase, while further crystallization regards only the smectic phase.The morphology of the crystallized samples has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy following permanganic etching. No change in the basic morphology is found, although local organization showing splaying and branching appears clearer in the solvent crystallized samples than in the starting smectic sample.     

Synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted morpholines through regioselective oxiranes ring opening by tosylamide under PTC conditions

Symmetric and non-symmetric 2,6-disubstituted morpholines were synthesized through regioselective nucleophilic ring opening of oxiranes with tosylamide under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (SL-PTC) conditions followed by cyclization of the tosylamido diols thus obtained and final deprotection of the corresponding N-tosyl morpholines. The morpholines prepared are interesting building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.