Selective mono-O-acylation of C2V-symmetrical calix[4]arenediols with acylisocyanates

Calix[4]arenedialkyl ethers 3 react with an excess of acylisocyanates to give selectively monoacylated products 4. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds and steric effects of the acylcarbamate fragments are most likely responsible for the high selectivity of this monoprotection. [reaction: see text]     

Luxemburg-gorky effect retooled for elastic waves: a mechanism and experimental evidence

A new mechanism is proposed for the linear and amplitude-dependent dissipation due to elastic-wave-crack interaction. We have observed one of its strong manifestations in a direct elastic-wave analog of the Luxemburg-Gorky effect consisting of the cross modulation of radio waves at the dissipative nonlinearity of the ionosphere plasma. The counterpart acoustic mechanism implies, first, a drastic enhancement of the thermoelastic coupling at high-compliance microdefects, and, second, the high stress-sensitivity of the defects leads to a strong stress dependence of the resultant dissipation.     

Reactions of Aromatic Nitro Compounds: LXXIV. Azo Coupling of Anionic Nitroarene σ-Complexes with Aromatic Diazo Compounds. Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Yield of Nitroazobenzenes

Effect of a number of factors on the yield of nitroazobenzenes in the reaction of 4-nitro- and 4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with anionic adducts derived from 1,3-dinitrobenzene was studied. Conditions were found which allow nitroazobenzenes to be prepared in 80-90% yield.     

ORIGIN OF HEAT EFFECTS AND SHEAR MODULUS CHANGES OF A Cu-BASED AMORPHOUS ALLOY 1)

剪切模量在非晶合金黏性流动、扩散及结构弛豫等行为中起着重要作用. 宏观剪切弹性决定非晶合金热流变化.探索非晶合金在结构弛豫和玻璃转变过程中宏观力学性能与热流的关联有助于理解其力学行为起源. 本研究基于自间隙理论对Cu$_{49}$Hf$_{42}$Al$_{9}$非晶合金热流、剪切模量及黏度进行研究,建立剪切模量与热流之间的关联. 通过测量剪切模量精确测定自间隙缺陷浓度演化规律.从能量角度出发,通过激活能图谱探索自间隙缺陷浓度对非晶合金热力学性能的影响. 借助于动态力学分析仪研究非晶合金从室温到过冷液相区的动态弛豫行为,探索物理时效引起的结构弛豫以及内耗演化规律. 研究结果表明,自间隙理论可准确描述非晶合金的弛豫动力学、剪切软化及结构弛豫诱导的力学行为. 结合热流数据可以很好描述铸态和弛豫态非晶合金剪切模量随温度演化过程,激活能图谱直观表述了单位激活能可激活的自间隙缺陷浓度. 自间隙缺陷在结构弛豫中湮灭,表现为玻璃体系结构向更稳定状态迁移.在玻璃化转变过程中,缺陷浓度显著升高伴随热吸收,表现为原子大规模协同运动和剪切软化. 物理时效诱导非晶合金内耗和原子移动性降低. 过冷液相区内原子移动性高至消除了结构弛豫影响.     

Application of scanning methods to distinguish between entropy and enthalpy driven phase transitions

All phase transitions can be divided into enthalpy and entropy driven. The driving forces of phase transitions in aqueous soft matter systems can be resolved by applying scanning methods. In this review three experimental methods — sorption calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and humidity scanning quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring are described. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed. The driving forces of phase transitions can be directly measured using sorption calorimetry or calculated using van der Waals differential equation using experimental data obtained by other methods. The results of experimental studies show that in surfactant and lipid systems the phase transitions to phases with higher curvature are driven by enthalpy, while phase transitions to phases with lower curvature are driven by entropy.     

Structural insights on nanoparticles containing gadolinium complexes as potential theranostic

Nanostructures are gaining interest in drug release applications. Amphiphilic molecules can give, in water solution, a variety of nanostructures as well as thermodynamically stable mesophases three-dimensional inverse cubic structures. These mesophases are attractive candidates for biomedical applications containing extensive water channel networks and could act as very efficient delivery systems of drugs or contrast agents. In order to discover, optimize, and develop these systems, we have performed a deep physicochemical characterization by dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering of nanoparticles of monoolein (MO) and Pluronic PF127, containing different amounts (1, 5, 10, and 20 %) of the synthetic amphiphilic gadolinium complex (C18)₂DTPA(Gd). Nanoparticle size is found in the 70–400 nm range for all investigated systems; the morphology of the aggregates is driven by the main constituents MO/PF127 and is a mixture of multilayer vesicles and bicontinuous aggregates. Nanostructures are also able to encapsulate doxorubicin (drug-loading content between 70 and 90 % for the different systems) acting as a potential theranostic for simultaneous cancer therapy and MRI visualization.