Highly dispersive large mode area photonic bandgap fiber

An all-silica photonic bandgap fiber composed of a low-index core surrounded by alternating high- and low-index rings allows us to achieve a large mode area (500 microm(2)) and large chromatic dispersion. Sharp resonances from the even Bragg mode to odd ring modes theoretically lead to 20,000 ps/(nm km) chromatic dispersion when large bends are applied. By nature, sharp resonances are sensitive to inhomogeneities along the fiber length. Under experimental conditions, the resonances are broadened and the dispersion coefficient is decreased to 1000 ps/(nm km). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest dispersion coefficient reported using a large mode area fiber.     

Q-switched Yb-doped nonlinear microstructured fiber laser for the emission of broadband spectrum

We report on an innovative configuration of a supercontinuum laser based on an Yb-doped nonlinear microstructured fiber. Due to this particular fiber design combining amplification and nonlinear properties, a wideband output spectrum is generated in the fiber under the Q-switched regime. By exploiting stimulated Brillouin scattering, high peak power pulses are achieved and contribute to a spectral broadening due to a nonlinear wavelength conversion process. Both infrared (1000-1200 nm) and visible (650-750 nm) spectra are generated with an average power of 200 mW.     

Hybrid classical quantum force field for modeling very large molecules

A coherent computational scheme on a very large molecule in which the subsystem that undergoes the most important electronic changes is treated by a semiempirical quantum chemical method, though the rest of the molecule is described by a classical force field, has been proposed recently. The continuity between the two subsystems is obtained by a strictly localized bond orbital, which is assumed to have transferable properties determined on model molecules. The computation of the forces acting on the atoms is now operating, giving rise to a hybrid classical quantum force field (CQFF ) which allows full energy minimization and modeling chemical changes in large biomolecules. As an illustrative example, we study the short hydrogen bonds and the proton-exchange process in the histidine-aspartic acid system of the catalytic triad of human neutrophil elastase. The CQFF approach reproduces the crystallographic data quite well, in opposition to a classical force field. The method also offers the possibility of switching off the electrostatic interaction between the quantum and the classical subsystems, allowing us to analyze the various components of the perturbation exerted by the macromolecule in the reactive part. Molecular dynamics confirm a fast proton exchange between the three possible energy wells. The method appears to be quite powerful and applicable to other cases of chemical interest such as surface reactivity of nonmetallic solids. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

SURFACTANT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION. PART X: EMULSIONS MADE WITH ANIONIC-NONIONIC SURFACTANT MIXTURES.

Anionic and nonionic surfactants exhibit opposite changes in hydrophilicity with a change of temperature. This antagonism can be harnessed by the use of mixtures. The phase behavior and emulsion type are mapped on a temperature water-oil/ratio diagram for different anionic-nonionic mixtures. It is shown that the mixing can result in insensitivity to temperature of different kinds of emulsions.     

Shearing a glassy material: numerical tests of nonequilibrium mode-coupling approaches and experimental proposals

The predictions of a nonequilibrium schematic mode-coupling theory developed to describe the nonlinear rheology of soft glassy materials have been numerically tested in a sheared binary Lennard-Jones mixture. In this Letter, we focus on the existence, behavior, and properties of an effective temperature T(eff) for the slow modes of the fluid, as defined from a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem. New, simple experimental protocols to access T(eff) are proposed, and one such experiment is numerically performed. Our results give strong support to the thermodynamic interpretation of T(eff) and make it experimentally accessible in a very direct way.     

NMR studies of the chalcogen analogues of benzofuran. IV—Proton,carbon-13 and selenium-77 magnetic resonance in nitrobenzo[b]selenophenes

The ¹H, ¹³C and ⁷⁷Se chemical shifts have been measured for mononitrobenzo[ b ]selenophenes. For the homocyclic nuclei, the observed ¹H- and ¹³C-values calculated from the empirical increments of nitrobenzene. Anomalous effects are observed in the 2- and 3-substituted derivatives and the nature of the Se? NO₂ interactions in the former is discussed. ⁷⁷Se chemical shifts of the 4-, 5- and 7-nitro derivatives are approximately correlated with the CNDO calculated electron densities; they also compare well with those of selenoanisoles and other phenyl alkyl selenides. The chemical shifts are also compared with the corresponding values in other heterocycles containing a selenophene moiety.     

Induction asymétrique et réaction des α-hydroxy-oximes avec le bromure de phenylmagnésium. Synthéses stéreoselectives d'alcools aziridiniques et d'aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]oxo-2 oxaisothiazolidines-1,2,3

A facile synthesis of aziridine is describe. It is the reaction between Grignard regents and α-hydroxoximes in toluene. The aziridine alchohols are cyclised into 2-oxo-oxathiazolidines. The use of the nuclear Overhauser effect allows the assignment of the relative configurations of these latter compounds and also the configuration of the aziridine alcohols. A proof of the Grignard reagent complex with the alcoolate id given by action of methylmagensium bromide with 2-phenyl 3-methanol azirine. The asymetrie insuction observed is discussed with a transition state involving this complex.