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31.
Facile Electrochemical Hydrogenation and Chlorination of Glassy Carbon to Produce Highly Reactive and Uniform Surfaces for Stable Anchoring of Thiolated Molecules
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Ahmed M. Debela Dr. Mayreli Ortiz Dr. Valerio Beni Prof. Dr. Ciara K. O'Sullivan 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,20(25):7646-7654
Carbon is a highly adaptable family of materials and is one of the most chemically stable materials known, providing a remarkable platform for the development of tunable molecular interfaces. Herein, we report a two‐step process for the electrochemical hydrogenation of glassy carbon followed by either chemical or electrochemical chlorination to provide a highly reactive surface for further functionalization. The carbon surface at each stage of the process is characterized by AFM, SEM, Raman, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electroanalytical techniques. Electrochemical chlorination of hydrogen‐terminated surfaces is achieved in just 5 min at room temperature with hydrochloric acid, and chemical chlorination is performed with phosphorus pentachloride at 50 °C over a three‐hour period. A more controlled and uniform surface is obtained using the electrochemical approach, as chemical chlorination is observed to damage the glassy carbon surface. A ferrocene‐labeled alkylthiol is used as a model system to demonstrate the genericity and potential application of the highly reactive chlorinated surface formed, and the methodology is optimized. This process is then applied to thiolated DNA, and the functionality of the immobilized DNA probe is demonstrated. XPS reveals the covalent bond formed to be a C?S bond. The thermal stability of the thiolated molecules anchored on the glassy carbon is evaluated, and is found to be far superior to that on gold surfaces. This is the first report on the electrochemical hydrogenation and electrochemical chlorination of a glassy carbon surface, and this facile process can be applied to the highly stable functionalization of carbon surfaces with a plethora of diverse molecules, finding widespread applications. 相似文献
32.
Alessio Mezzi Eleonora Bolli Saulius Kaciulis Matteo Mastellone Marco Girolami Valerio Serpente Alessandro Bellucci Riccardo Carducci Riccardo Polini Daniele M. Trucchi 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2020,52(12):968-974
Thin films of barium fluorides with different thicknesses were deposited on GaAs substrate by electron beam evaporation. The aim of the work was to identify the best growth conditions for the production of coatings with a low work function suitable for the anode of hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic (TIPV) devices. The chemical composition and work function φ of the films with different thicknesses were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The lowest value of φ = 2.1 eV was obtained for the film with a thickness of ~2 nm. In the valence band spectra of the films at low kinetic energy, near the cutoff, a characteristic peak of negative electron affinity was present. This effect contributed to a further reduction of the film's work function. 相似文献
33.
Gialiana Biagi Irene Giorgi Oreste Livi Valerio Scartoni Silvia Velo Pier Luigi Barili 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1996,33(6):1847-1853
A new 4-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole structure was obtained by the diazotization reaction of either of 1-(2-aminophenyl)-4-carboxamido-5-amino-1H-1,2,3-triazole ( 1c ) or of the corresponding Dimroth isomer 1d . It underwent some common reactions to evaluate its chemical behaviour and structure. An analogous reaction sequence was carried out from the 2-nitro-4-methylphenyl azide, to assign the structure to the nitro derivatives prepared. The structure of the new compounds prepared was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopic methods. 相似文献
34.
In this paper, we discuss techniques by which the aeroacoustic properties of the turbulent flow in a rod-airfoil benchmark
experiment can be inferred from time-resolved PIV measurement. While acoustic measurements can be made directly using microphones,
the proposed techniques provide a means to directly link acoustic waves with specific flow events, which is invaluable in
devising noise mitigation strategies. The approaches are possible thanks to recent improvements in digital and camera technology
that can provide time-resolved measurements in air flows, necessary for the determination of unsteady flow quantities related
to aeroacoustic production. Both techniques are based on Curle’s acoustic analogy, where one is based on Lagrangian determination
of the required quantities, while the other requires all flow quantities to be converted into Fourier modes. Application of
both techniques yields results that are in reasonable agreement with microphone noise measurements for the rod-airfoil experiment. 相似文献
35.
36.
Edward W. Kolb Valerio Marra Sabino Matarrese 《General Relativity and Gravitation》2010,42(6):1399-1412
The cosmological backreaction proposal, which attempts to account for observations without a primary dark energy source in
the stress-energy tensor, has been developed and discussed by means of different approaches. Here, we focus on the concept
of cosmological background solutions in order to develop a framework to study different backreaction proposals. 相似文献
37.
Chlorofluorocarbons and their substitutes are anthropogenic compounds strongly involved in global change phenomena. Therefore, their atmospheric mixing-ratios are monitored on a worldwide scale. In order to evaluate source strength of these compounds in Southern Europe, in 1999 a research activity, monitoring these compounds in the atmosphere of the Monte Cimone (MO, Italy) was started. Air samples, collected on a weekly base, were analyzed using a GC-MS methodology recently devised by our group. The reported results, obtained after eighteen months of observation, are relative to four fully halogenated halocarbons and four hydrogenated halocarbons. 相似文献
38.
The static dielectric properties of (001)(GaAs)(p)/(AlAs)(p) superlattices have been calculated as a function of their period p for 1< or = p < or =12, starting from density-functional theory. The interplay between quantum confinement and local field effects is shown to be crucial. For light polarized in the growth direction it leads to the otherwise surprising justification of the use of a classical effective medium theory, even for the smallest periods. Only the inclusion of both contributions allows in ab initio and in semiempirical calculations to reproduce the experimentally observed birefringence. 相似文献
39.
It has been shown theoretically that a light amplifier working on the physical principle of stimulated emission should achieve optimal quantum cloning of the polarization state of light. We demonstrate close-to-optimal universal quantum cloning of polarization in a standard fiber amplifier for telecom wavelengths. For cloning 1-->2 we find a fidelity of 0.82, the optimal value being 5 / 6=0.83. 相似文献
40.
Marek L. Główka Zbigniew J. Kamiński Gastone Gilli Valerio Bertolasi 《Journal of chemical crystallography》1986,16(4):569-576
C14H17NO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n (Z=4) witha=10.208(2),b=10.888(2),c=11.909(2) Å, and=90.89(2)°. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix LSQ to anR factor of 0.036. The 4-oxo-1,3-dioxane ring is in a slightly distorted O(1)-sofa conformation flattened at the C(4) end with the 5-isopropyl substituent in a pseudoaxial position and planar lactone group. The molecules form dimers by means of intermolecular N-HO(4) hydrogen bonds of 3.091(2) Å. The1H NMR spectrum of the title compound shows unusual features. 相似文献