Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of surfactant aggregates at the solid-liquid interface

Surfactants are widely used to stabilize colloidal systems in a variety of industrial applications through the formation of self-assembled aggregates at the solid-liquid interface. Previous studies have reported that the control of surfactant-mediated slurry stability can be achieved through the manipulation of surfactant chain length and concentration. However, a fundamental understanding of the mechanical and energetic properties of these aggregates, which may aid in the molecular-level design of these systems, is still lacking. In this study, experimentally measured force/distance curves between an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and self-assembled surfactant aggregates on mica or silica substrates at concentrations higher than the bulk critical micelle concentration (CMC) were used to determine their mechanical and thermodynamic properties. The experimental curves were fitted to a model which describes the interaction between a hard sphere (tip) and a soft substrate (surfactant structures) based on a modified Hertz theory for the case of a thin elastic layer on a rigid substrate. The calculated mechanical properties were found to be in the same order of magnitude as those reported for rubber-like materials (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)). By integrating the force/distance curves, the energy required for breaking the surface aggregates was also calculated. These values are close to those reported for bulk-micelle formation.     

Silica surfaces lubrication by hydrated cations adsorption from electrolyte solutions

Adsorption of hydrated cations on hydrophilic surfaces has been related to a variety of phenomena associated with the short-range interaction forces and mechanisms of the adhesive contact between the surfaces. Here we have investigated the effect of the adsorption of cations on the lateral interaction. Using lateral force microscopy (LFM), we have measured the friction force between a silica particle and silica wafer in pure water and in electrolyte solutions of LiCl, NaCl, and CsCl salts. A significant lubrication effect was demonstrated for solutions of high electrolyte concentrations. It was found that the adsorbed layers of smaller and more hydrated cations have a higher lubrication capacity than the layers of larger and less hydrated cations. Additionally, we have demonstrated a characteristic dependence of the friction force on the sliding velocity of surfaces. A mechanism for the observed phenomena based on the microstructures of the adsorbed layers is proposed.     

具有垂直传染非自治SIR传染病模型的持久性和灭绝性

通过对一类具有垂直传染的非自治SIR传染病模型的研究，在较弱的条件下，不仅得到了疾病一致强持久（即疾病流行）的充分必要条件．而且给出了疾病消失的判别准则．     

Study of a multi-wire proportional chamber with a cathode strip and delay-line readout

The design principle for a multi-wire proportional chamber with a cathode strip and delay-line readout is described. A prototype chamber of a size of 10 cm ～ l0 cm was made together with the readout electronics circuit. A very clean signal with very low background noise was obtained by applying a transformer between the delay-line and the pre-amplifier in order to match the resistance. Along the anode wire direction a position resolution of less than 0.5 mm was achieved with a 55Fe-5.9 keV X ray source. The simple structure, large effective area and high position resolution allow the application of a gas chamber of this kind to many purposes.     

基于金字塔格型矢量量化 ( PLV Q) 的多尺度图像编码

近年来 ,格矢量量化 ( LV Q)由于本身的特点和性质引起了人们的广泛兴趣 . 由于小波图像系数 的分布特点 ,本文选用金字塔格型矢量量化 ( PLV Q). 为了使 PLVQ更有效 ,作者提出了一种与图像本 身无关的熵编码方法去消除 VQ输出冗余 . 特别是 ,给出了由格点输出索引和由索引输出格点的快速算 法 ,而且 ,在矢量量化中引入了重要图的概念 ,可以有效确定非零矢量的位置. 此外 ,还根据异步传输模 式 ( ATM)的特点 ,选择了传输的优先级 .     

退化松弛的 Dirichlet问题

在文献 [1～ 3]中讨论了松弛的 Dirichlet问题 Lu+ _ u= ν .本文将其中的主部 L推广到了退化 椭圆型算子的情况 ,并讨论了一些相应的性质 .     

Nonlinear friction characteristics between silica surfaces in high pH solution

Molecular-scale characteristics of friction forces between silica particles and silica wafers in aqueous solutions of the normal (pH 5.6) and high pH (pH 10.6) are investigated, using the lateral force measuring procedure of the atomic force microscope (AFM). Various significant differences of friction characteristics between solutions of normal and high pH's are found. In the case of solutions of normal pH, the friction force increases linearly with increasing loading force, as the Amonton's law for solid bodies indicates. However, in the case of high pH solutions, the increasing rate with the loading force is considerably reduced in the low loading region, but the value increases abruptly above a critical loading force to overcome the magnitude of friction force of normal pH above the region of very high loading. It is very interesting to know that this nonlinear force curve at high pH is independent of the atomic-scale roughness of surfaces, although the magnitude of friction is greatly influenced by the roughness in the case of normal pH. The reason why the friction at high pH is independent of the surface roughness is postulated to be due to the hairy-like layer formed on the silica surface. The existence of hairy-like layers at high pH is proven directly by the dynamic method of normal force measurements with AFM and the thickness is estimated to be at least ca. 1.3 nm.     

Nanoscale indentation of polymer and composite polymer-silica core-shell submicrometer particles by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy was employed to probe the mechanical properties of surface-charged polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based terpolymer and composite terpolymer core-silica shell particles in air and water media. The composite particles were achieved with two different approaches: using a silane coupling agent (composite A) or attractive electrostatic interactions (composite B) between the core and the shell. Young's moduli (E) of 4.3+/-0.7, 11.1+/-1.7, and 8.4+/-1.7 GPa were measured in air for the PMMA-based terpolymer, composite A, and composite B, respectively. In water, E decreases to 1.6+/-0.2 GPa for the terpolymer; it shows a slight decrease to 8.0+/-1.2 GPa for composite A, while it decreases to 2.9+/-0.6 GPa for composite B. This trend is explained by considering a 50% swelling of the polymer in water confirmed by dynamic light scattering. Close agreement is found between the absolute values of elastic moduli determined by nanoindentation and known values for the corresponding bulk materials. The thickness of the silica coating affects the mechanical properties of composite A. In the case of composite B, because the silica shell consists of separate particles free to move in the longitudinal direction that do not individually deform when the entire composite deforms, the elastic properties of the composites are determined exclusively by the properties of the polymer core. These results provide a basis for tailoring the mechanical properties of polymer and composite particles in air and in solution, essential in the design of next-generation abrasive schemes for several technological applications.     

微量量热法研究温度对两种石油菌生长的影响

本文采用微量量热法测定了两种石油菌在不同温度下的生长热谱图. 按限制性条件下微生物生长模型 ,用三点法进行了数学处理, 得出了生长速率常数(k) ; 计算机拟合 k-T 非线性方程,得到了石油菌 I,II的最佳生长温度( To pt)分别为 322. 07K 和 322. 85K. 按阿仑尼乌斯公式和过渡态理论计算得到有关热动力学函数, 并根据所得结果对两种石油菌的生长代谢过程进行了热动力学分析.     

含N,O和S的Schiff碱配体与铜（Ⅱ）,锌（Ⅱ）配合物的合成及红外光？…

本文在４０℃下制得了５－氯水杨醛,使其与硫脲缩合合成了一种含Ｎ、Ｏ、Ｓ的新型Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱配体,该配体与铜（Ⅱ）,锌（Ⅱ）能形成稳定的配合物,其组成,结构已由元素分析和红外光谱所表征。