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991.
Nicolas Plumeré Bernd Speiser Prof. Dr. Hermann A. Mayer Prof. Dr. Dominik Joosten Dr. Lars Wesemann Prof. Dr. 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,15(4):936-946
A general method for the functionalization of silica surfaces with silicon hydride (Si–H) groups is described for four different preparations of silica. The silica surface is reduced in a two‐step chlorination–reduction procedure within a simple gas‐flow system at high temperatures. After initial dehydroxylation of the silica surface, silicon chloride groups are formed by the reaction with thionyl chloride. The chlorination activates otherwise inaccessible surface siloxane moieties. A high silicon–hydride surface concentration results from the subsequent reduction of the chlorinated surface with hydrogen. The physical properties of the resulting silica are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, as well as dynamic light scattering and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller measurements. The chlorination–reduction sequence has no significant impact on the structure, surface area and mesopore size of the silica materials used. The surface of the materials is characterized by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. The silicon–hydride groups are mostly of the ‐type. The use of high temperatures (>800 °C) results in the condensation of internal and surface silanol groups. Therefore, materials with both a fully condensed silica matrix as well as a surface free of silanol groups are obtained. The materials are ideal precursors for further molecular silica surface modification, as demonstrated with a ferrocene derivative. 相似文献
992.
The numerical analysis of Volterra functional integro-differential equations with vanishing delays has to overcome a number of challenges that are not encountered when solving ‘classical’ delay differential equations with non-vanishing delays. In this paper I shall describe recent results in the analysis of optimal (global and local) superconvergence orders in collocation methods for such evolutionary problems. Following a brief survey of results for equations containing Volterra integral operators with non-vanishing delays, the discussion will focus on pantograph-type Volterra integro-differential equations with (linear and nonlinear) vanishing delays. The paper concludes with a section on open problems; these include the asymptotic stability of collocation solutions uh on uniform meshes for pantograph-type functional equations, and the analysis of collocation methods for pantograph-type functional equations with advanced arguments. 相似文献
993.
Judith Buddensiek Alexander Dressel Michael Kowalski Uwe Runge Henry Schroeder Andreas Hermann Matthias Kirsch Alexander Storch Michael Sabolek 《BMC neuroscience》2010,11(1):48
Background
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a promising source for cell replacement therapies for neurological diseases. Growing evidence suggests an important role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) not only on neuroectodermal cells during brain development but also on the survival, proliferation and fate specification of NSCs in the adult brain. Existing in vitro studies focused on embryonic cell lines and embryonic CSF. We therefore studied the effects of adult human leptomeningeal CSF on the behaviour of adult human NSCs (ahNSCs). 相似文献994.
Marcel A. Strauss Hermann A. Wegner 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2019,58(51):18552-18556
Interactions on the molecular level control structure as well as function. Especially interfaces between innocent alkyl groups are hardly studied although they are of great importance in larger systems. Herein, London dispersion in conjunction with solvent interactions between linear alkyl chains was examined with an azobenzene‐based experimental setup. Alkyl chains in all meta positions of the azobenzene core were systematically elongated, and the change in rate for the thermally induced Z→E isomerization in n‐decane was determined. The stability of the Z‐isomer increased with longer chains and reached a maximum for n‐butyl groups. Further elongation led to faster isomerization. The origin of the intramolecular interactions was elaborated by various techniques, including 1H NOESY NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that there are additional long‐range interactions between n‐alkyl chains with the opposite phenyl core in the Z‐state. These interactions are most likely dominated by attractive London dispersion. This work provides rare insight into the stabilizing contributions of highly flexible groups in an intra‐ as well as an intermolecular setting. 相似文献
995.
C. Rohr J. M. Büttner F. A. Palitschka N. D. Kushch M. V. Kartsovnik W. Biberacher R. Gross B. A. Hermann 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2009,69(2):167-171
The surfaces of a ten years aged crystal and a freshly prepared κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 crystal were compared by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The molecularly-resolved STM images of the bc plane of the crystals agree with each other and with the electronic contrast obtained by new density functional theory (DFT)
based simulations. Even after ten years STM images of the molecular stacking of BEDT-TTF display a variation in brightness
at the positions of different molecules. We attribute this symmetry breaking concerning the brightness in the STM images of
the otherwise equivalent BEDT-TTF dimers to the electronic states of a relaxed surface. 相似文献
996.
Gregoria Gregoriou Christiana M. Neophytou Alexandru Vasincu Yiota Gregoriou Haria Hadjipakkou Eftychia Pinakoulaki Marios C. Christodoulou Georgia D. Ioannou Ioannis J. Stavrou Atalanti Christou Constantina P. Kapnissi-Christodoulou Siegfried Aigner Hermann Stuppner Antonis Kakas Andreas I. Constantinou 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,26(16)
Extracts derived from the Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) tree have been widely studied for their ability to prevent many diseases mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we explored, for the first time, the anti-cancer properties of Cypriot carobs. We produced extracts from ripe and unripe whole carobs, pulp and seeds using solvents with different polarities. We measured the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer and normal immortalized breast cells, using the MTT assay, cell cycle analysis and Western Blotting. The extracts’ total polyphenol content and anti-oxidant action was evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay. Finally, we used LC-MS analysis to identify and quantify polyphenols in the most effective extracts. Our results demonstrate that the anti-proliferative capacity of carob extracts varied with the stage of carob maturity and the extraction solvent. The Diethyl-ether and Ethyl acetate extracts derived from the ripe whole fruit had high Myricetin content and also displayed specific activity against cancer cells. Their mechanism of action involved caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis. Our results indicate that extracts from Cypriot carobs may have potential uses in the development of nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals. 相似文献
997.
Anastassiya Tchaikovsky Hermann Häusler Martin Kralik Andreas Zitek Johanna Irrgeher 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2019,55(2):179-198
Elemental and isotopic pattern of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) and δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 were used to characterise groundwater and recharge of saline ponds in a clastic aquifer in East Austria. Therefore, shallow, artesian and thermal groundwaters of the investigated aquifer along with rainfall and rivers were analysed using (MC) ICP-MS. The n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio and elemental pattern changed with aquifer depth as a result of progressing bedrock leaching and dissolution with increasing groundwater residence time. The n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio of shallow groundwater below saline ponds of 0.71019?±?0.00044 was significantly different from thermal groundwater of 0.71205?±?0.00035 (U, k?=?2). In contrast to previous theories, this result suggested no recharge of saline ponds by upwelling paleo-seawater. Isotope pattern deconvolution revealed that rainfall accounted to about 60% of the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio of shallow groundwater below saline ponds. The δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 values of groundwater decreased from about 0.25 ‰ in most shallow, to predominantly negative values of about –0.24 ‰ in artesian groundwater. This result indicated leaching and dissolution of weathered minerals. In turn, the δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 of deep thermal groundwater showed positive values of about 0.12 ‰, which suggested removal of 86Sr from solution by carbonate precipitation. These results highlight the potential of δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 signature as an additional geochemical tracer. 相似文献
998.
Numerically evaluating the effect of a functional on a function is a very common task in scientific computing. The definite integral of a function over a domain is an example, differentiating a function in a certain point into a certain direction is another one. We developed a generic method to compute the effect of a functional using a linear approximation formula. The method is designed to generate the nodes and weights needed to approximate different functionals using a single set of tools: it regards the target function as a stochastic field and uses a user–defined covariance function for this field to minimise the error made by the approximation formula. The resulting formulas are optimal in an average case sense: all possible realisations of this stochastic field are taken into account while computing the solution. This results in nodes and weights that evaluate the target functional applied to any realisation with a minimised average error. The space of all realisations of such a stochastic field can be of infinite dimension whereas classical approaches often only consider a finite dimensional space of functions. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
999.
In this paper we present a component–based software realisation of the Monte Carlo and Stochastic Galerkin methods for simulating stochastic models with uncertain parameters described by random fields. The system supports parallel and distributed computations and focuses on the reusability and extensibility of the provided components and frameworks. Third–party software is interfaced to avoid cost–intensive reimplementations. The mentioned schemes are compared with respect to their convergence by considering a stationary groundwater flow model. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
1000.
Ehrlich H Koutsoukos PG Demadis KD Pokrovsky OS 《Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)》2008,39(8):1062-1091
In contrast to biomineralization phenomena, that are among the most widely studied topics in modern material and earth science and biomedicine, much less is systematized on modern view of demineralization. Biomineralized structures and tissues are composites, containing a biologically produced organic matrix and nano- or microscale amorphous or crystalline minerals. Demineralization is the process of removing the inorganic part, or the biominerals, that takes place in nature via either physiological or pathological pathways in organisms. In vitro demineralization processes, used to obtain mechanistic information, consist in the isolation of the mineral phase of the composite biomaterials from the organic matrix. Physiological and pathological demineralization include, for example, bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts. Bioerosion, a more general term for the process of deterioration of the composite biomaterials represents chemical deterioration of the organic and mineral phase followed by biological attack of the composite by microorganisms and enzymes. Bioerosional organisms are represented by endolithic cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, plants, sponges, phoronids and polychaetes, mollusks, fish and echinoids.In the history of demineralization studies, the driving force was based on problems of human health, mostly dental caries. In this paper we summarize and integrate a number of events, discoveries, milestone papers and books on different aspect of demineralization during the last 400 years. Overall, demineralization is a rapidly growing and challenging aspect of various scientific disciplines such as astrobiology, paleoclimatology, geomedicine, archaeology, geobiology, dentistry, histology, biotechnology, and others to mention just a few. 相似文献