ReV‐Phthalocyaninate und ReV‐Tetraphenylporphyrinate mit Oxo‐Liganden: Synthese,Eigenschaften und Kristallstruktur

Re^V‐Phthalocyaninates and Re^V‐Tetraphenylporphyrinates: Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Structure Hexa‐coordinated Re^V phthalocyaninates (pc) and Re^V tetraphenylporphyrinates (tpp) of the type [Re(O)(X)p] (p: pc, tpp) with X = OCH₃, ReO₄, Cl/pc, F/pc, OH/tpp, [{Re(O)p}₂(μ‐O)] and (cat)^trans[Re(O)₂p] (cat: ⁿBu₄N, Et₄N/tpp) have been isolated and characterised by their UV‐Vis‐NIR, IR and resonance Raman (RR) spectra. In the RR spectra, the intensity of the (Re=O) and (Re–X) stretching vibrations (ν(Re=O/–X)) in [Re(O)(X)p] and [{Re(O)p}₂(μ‐O)] is selectively enhanced with excitation in coincidence with O → Re–CT between ca 19000 and 22000 cm^–1. In accordance to selection rules, data of ν(Re=O/–X) compare well with those of the complementary IR spectra. Because of the trans influence ν(Re=O) depends on the axial ligand X, ranging from 940 to 1010 cm^–1. The crystallographic characterization of [Re(O)(ReO₄)tpp] · CHCl₃ ( 1 ), [{Re(O)tpp}₂(μ‐O)] · py ( 2 ), (ⁿBu₄N)^trans[Re(O)₂tpp] ( 3 ), and (Et₄N)^trans[Re(O)₂tpp] · 2 H₂O ( 4 ) is described. The tpp centered Re atom is in a distorted octahedron of four N atoms of the porphyrinate and two axial O atoms in a mutual trans position. Average Re–N distances are 2.062 Å in 1 , 2.086 Å in 2 , 2.089 Å in 3 , and 2.082/2.086 Å in 4 . The Re–O distance of the terminal rhenyl group varies from 1.64(1) Å ( 1 ), 1.73(1)/1.70(1) Å ( 2 ) to 1.80(1) Å ( 4 ), that of the monodentate rhenate(VII) from 1.70(1) to 1.75(1) Å. The Re–O distances in the bridge of the linear O=Re–O–Re=O skeleton in 2 are 1.95(1)/1.89(1) Å. In 1 , with a bent O=Re–O^ ReO₃ moiety (∢(Re–O^ReO₃) = 143(1)°) and a mostly ionic coordinated rhenate(VII), these distances differ significantly (2.20(1) Å vs 1.75(1) Å). The porphyrinate in 1 is saucer‐shaped with a distal rhenate(VII), and the tpp centered Re atom is displaced by 0.31 Å out of the (N)₄ plane towards the rhenyl‐O atom. The distorted porphyrinates in 2 are rotated by 30.4(4)°, and the Re atoms are 0.1 Å out of their (N)₄ planes towards the terminal O atoms. In 3 and 4 the porphyrinates are almost planar with the Re atom in their centre.     

Experimental Enthalpies of Formation and Strain of the Methylated 1-Amino-2-phenylethanes

The standard molar enthalpies of formation H _f ^00B0; (liq) at the temperature t = 298.15 K were determined using combustion calorimetry for N-methyl-3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-butaneamine 1a, N,N-dimethyl-3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-butaneamine 1b N-methyl-2,3-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-butaneamine 2a, and N,N-dimethyl-2,3-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-butaneamine 2b. The standard molar enthalpies of vaporization H _vap ^00B0; of these compounds were obtained from the temperature variation of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. The following standard molar enthalpies of formation in gaseous phase H _f ^00B0; (g) are obtained from these data: for 1a – 10.9 ± 1.9; 1b – 3.6 ± 1.8; 1c – 26.6 ± 1.4, and 1d – 23.0 ± 1.8 kJ mol^–1. From the standard molar enthalpies of formation for gaseous compounds which are available in the literature, improved values for the increments of the Benson group addivitiy scheme of amines were calculated. They are used to determine the strain enthalpies of the amines 1 and 2 from this investigation.     

Determination of vitamin B12 in infant formula and adult nutritionals using HPLC after purification on an immunoaffinity column: first action 2011.09

During the "Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting," on June 29, 2011, the method "Determination of vitamin B12 in infant formula and adult nutritionals using HPLC after purification on an immunoaffinity column" was recommended by an Expert Review Panel and adopted as AOAC Official First Action status. The method is applicable for the determination of vitamin B12 in milk-based infant formula. Vitamin B12 is extracted from the sample in sodium acetate buffer in the presence of potassium cyanide. After purification and concentration with an immunoaffinity column (IAC), vitamin B12 is determined by LC with UV detection (361 nm). Data supplied by CLF demonstrated linear response over a wide range of concentrations (1.4-39 microg/100 mL). The analytical range is 0.2-10 microg/100 g, depending on the capacity of the IACs (0.01-0.5 microg), the input weight, and dilutions. Recovery rates were assessed using National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1849, and determined to be 95.1%, with SD of 0.34 and CV of 9.0. Measurement uncertainty (UE) was 0.8 microg/100 g, which was calculated from the validation data. It is an expanded measurement uncertainty and was obtained through multiplication with a coverage factor k. LOQ values were reported as 0.10 microg/100 g. The performance characteristics of the method met the standard method performance requirements set forth by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals; thus, the method was determined to be appropriate for First Action status.     

Electron Localization Dynamics in the Triplet Excited State of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in Aqueous Solution

Hybrid DFT/classical molecular dynamics of the long‐lived triplet excited state of [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) in aqueous solution is used to investigate the solvent‐mediated electron localization and dynamics in the triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) state. Our studies reveal a solvent‐induced breaking of the coordination symmetry with consequent localization of the photoexcited electron on one or two bipyridine units for the entire length of our simulation, which amounts to several picoseconds. Frequent electronic “hops” between the ligands constituting the pair are observed with a characteristic time of approximately half a picosecond.     

Rational design of hirulog-type inhibitors of thrombin

Summary The two crystal structures of thrombin complexed with its most potent natural inhibitor hirudin and with the active-site inhibitor d-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH₂Cl [Rydel, T.J. et al., J. Mol. Biol., 221 (1991) 583; Bode, W. et al., EMBO J., 8 (1989) 3467] were used as a basis to design a new inhibitor, combining the high specificity of the polypeptide hirudin with the simpler chemistry of an organic compound. In the new inhibitor, the C-terminal amino acid residues 53–65 of hirudin are linked by a spacer peptide of four glycines to the active-site inhibitor NAPAP (N-(2-naphthyl-sulfonyl-glycyl)-dl-p-amidinophenylalanyl-piperidine). Energy minimization techniques served as a tool to determine the preferred configuration at the amidinophenylalanine and the modified piperidine moiety of the inhibitor. The predictions are supported by the interaction energies determined for d- and l-NAPAP in complex with thrombin, which are in good agreement with experimentally determined dissociation constants. The conformational flexibility of the linker peptide in the new inhibitors was investigated with molecular dynamics techniques. A correlation between the P1 position and the interactions of the linker peptide with the protein is suggested. Modifications of the linker peptide are proposed based on the distribution of its main-chain torsion angles in order to enhance its binding to thrombin.     

Total Synthesis of (−)-(2R)-Dihydromyricoidine

An asymmetric synthesis of the spermidine alkaloid (?)-(2R)-dihydromyricoidine ( 5 ) was performed by employing two ring-enlargement reactions. The chiral center was introduced by a diastereoselective Michael addition of perhydropyridazine ( 7 ) to the α,β-unsaturated ester 6 . The (Z)-C?C bond was obtained by a selective Wittig reaction. The synthetic compound 5 was found to have a negative value for the specific rotation. This is in contrast to that of the natural product reported in the literature. Therefore, as an outcome of this synthesis, the absolute configuration of the natural alkaloid should be inverted to be as shown in structure V .