全文获取类型
收费全文 | 330143篇 |
免费 | 3045篇 |
国内免费 | 933篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 164935篇 |
晶体学 | 5375篇 |
力学 | 15534篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
数学 | 38481篇 |
物理学 | 109789篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 3135篇 |
2020年 | 3332篇 |
2019年 | 3765篇 |
2018年 | 5207篇 |
2017年 | 5446篇 |
2016年 | 7372篇 |
2015年 | 4144篇 |
2014年 | 7040篇 |
2013年 | 15923篇 |
2012年 | 12387篇 |
2011年 | 14847篇 |
2010年 | 11021篇 |
2009年 | 10920篇 |
2008年 | 13249篇 |
2007年 | 13205篇 |
2006年 | 12150篇 |
2005年 | 10524篇 |
2004年 | 9840篇 |
2003年 | 8689篇 |
2002年 | 8679篇 |
2001年 | 10397篇 |
2000年 | 7658篇 |
1999年 | 5968篇 |
1998年 | 4974篇 |
1997年 | 4811篇 |
1996年 | 4482篇 |
1995年 | 3866篇 |
1994年 | 3822篇 |
1993年 | 3703篇 |
1992年 | 4098篇 |
1991年 | 4308篇 |
1990年 | 4100篇 |
1989年 | 4010篇 |
1988年 | 3781篇 |
1987年 | 3917篇 |
1986年 | 3684篇 |
1985年 | 4630篇 |
1984年 | 4682篇 |
1983年 | 3885篇 |
1982年 | 3975篇 |
1981年 | 3698篇 |
1980年 | 3649篇 |
1979年 | 3913篇 |
1978年 | 3903篇 |
1977年 | 3906篇 |
1976年 | 3880篇 |
1975年 | 3675篇 |
1974年 | 3615篇 |
1973年 | 3650篇 |
1972年 | 2603篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
971.
We have performed structural and optical characterizations of the propolis (an organic entity of biological nature) films grown on various non-organic substrates. The films were grown from a propolis melt or a propolis alcohol solution. The crystal structure has been observed in the films precipitated from the solution onto substrates such as an amorphous glass and sapphire or semiconductor indium monoselenide. For any growth method, the propolis film is a semiconductor with the bandgap of 3.07 eV at 300 K that is confirmed by a maximum in photoluminescence spectra at 2.86 eV. We argue that propolis films might be used in various optoelectronic device applications. 相似文献
972.
We report on the lattice-mismatched growth of step-graded InxAl1−xAs buffer layers on GaAs (0 0 1) substrates by molecular beam epitay (MBE). The approach to growing highly lattice-mismatched epilayers is to interpose a buffer layer between the substrate and the active layer. Two samples G30 and G40 with active layer compositions, respectively, x = 0.46 and x = 0.41, are studied by photoluminescence (PL). At low temperature, the PL spectra show a large broadened band whose energy and intensity depend on the active layer composition. The step-graded layer compositions improved the crystalline quality of these structures and increase the active layer PL band intensity. 相似文献
973.
C.X. Gao F.C. Yu S.Y. Jeong A.R. Choi P. Parchinskiy D.J. Kim H.J. Kim Y.E. Ihm C.G. Kim C.S. Kim 《Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials》2006
GaMnN and Be-codoped GaMnN were grown via molecular beam epitaxy using a single GaN precursor and their structural and magnetic properties were examined. X-ray diffraction and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements revealed that the grown layers are homogeneous without precipitates. The saturation magnetization of GaMnN has increased from ∼4 to ∼16 emu/cm3 via codoping of Be. The d–d exchange interaction between Mn atoms was discussed for the ferromagnetism of GaMnN. 相似文献
974.
R. Pinna F.J.M. Rutten E.F. Smith M.R. Willis M.R.S. McCoustra 《Applied Surface Science》2006,252(19):6672-6675
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and polarisation-modulation reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (PM-RAIRS) have been used to monitor the surface synthesis of self-assembled aromatic π-conjugated molecular wires on gold substrates as a step towards a novel structure for organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs). The wires have been synthesised using a series of Schiff's base coupling reactions in solution on a self-assembled monolayer of an aromatic thiolate anchor. ToF-SIMS and PM-RAIRS measurements have demonstrated that: (i) the anchor molecules self-assemble at the gold surface, (ii) the anchor molecules selectively react through imino coupling reactions with additional wire units with high efficiency and (iii) the wire-like structure is predominantly orientated normal to the surface. 相似文献
975.
976.
On the basis of the model “polymer chain in an array of obstacles” the influence of the topology effects on the dynamics of concentrated polymer systems is investigated theoretically. The 1/z-expansion (where z is the coordinational number of the lattice of obstacles) is proposed for this problem. By means of this expansion the diffusion coefficient of a linear unclosed polymer chain is calculated. The equilibrium properties of linear closed chain (i.e. ring) unentangled with either of the edges of the lattice are investigated in detail. In particular, it is shown that the diffusion coefficient D of the center of mass of closed chain consisting of N links is proportional to N−5/2. 相似文献
977.
S. Nakano Y. Kuwano M. Ohnishi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1986,41(4):267-274
The super chamber, a separated UHV reaction-chamber system has been developed. A conversion efficiency of 11.7% was obtained for an a-Si solar cell using a high-quality i-layer deposited by the super chamber, and a p-layer fabricated by a photo-CVD method.As a new material, amorphous superlattice-structure films were fabricated by the photo-CVD method for the first time. Superlattice structure p-layer a-Si solar cells were fabricated, and a conversion efficiency of 10.5% was obtained.For the fabrication of integrated type a-Si solar cell modules, a laser pattering method was investigated. A thermal analysis of the multilayer structure was done. It was confirmed that selective scribing for a-Si, TCO and metal film is possible by controlling the laser power density. Recently developed a-Si solar power generation systems and a-Si solar cell roofing tiles are also described. 相似文献
978.
The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the magnetic properties of NdFeB and Fe–Cr–Co permanent magnets has been investigated. The magnetic flux loss of two kinds of magnets before and after irradiation was measured. Results show that the effect of γ-ray irradiation on the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB is not so obvious as that on Fe–Cr–Co magnet. Irradiation-induced damage from γ-ray for the Fe–Cr–Co magnets was characterized for the first time. The decline of permanent magnetic properties of Fe–Cr–Co magnet induced by γ-ray irradiation is reversible except for the maximum energy product (BH)max. The difference of coercivity mechanism between these two kinds of permanent magnets is responsible for the different dependence of magnetic properties loss induced by γ-ray irradiation. 相似文献
979.
We introduce an interesting hierarchy of rational order chaotic maps that possess an invariant measure. In contrast to the
previously introduced hierarchy of chaotic maps [1–5], with merely entropy production, the rational order chaotic maps can
simultaneously produce and consume entropy. We compute the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy of these maps analytically and also their
Lyapunov exponent numerically, where the obtained numerical results support the analytical calculations. 相似文献
980.
A. P. Menushenkov S. Yu. Mukhalov B. I. Sevast'yanov 《Mechanics of Composite Materials》1989,24(5):659-662
Conclusions These tests on quasistationary irradiated for polyethylene-matrix powder-filled composites show that the filler composition and content have marked effects on the damage.There are ranges where the specific loss, the pressure, and the integral recoil pulse decrease as the power density increases because of changes in the damage mechanism, which are most prominent for zirconium oxide as filler. Bulk absorption contributes considerably, and causes various types of defect. Estimates have been made of the pressures arising in explosive matrix decomposition in the bulk together with the specific damage energies.These measurements are useful in modeling laser effects on composites.Translated from Mekhanika Kompositnykh Materialov, No. 5, pp. 868–872, September–October, 1988. 相似文献