Pure-tone increment detection in harmonic and inharmonic backgrounds

The present study investigated the effect of increasing the number and frequency range of background components upon the detection of an increment to the intensity of the center component. Previous studies [e.g., Green et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 1163-1167 (1984)] have demonstrated that, for background stimuli consisting of logarithmically spaced pure-tone components, as the number of background components is increased, the threshold for detection of an increment to the center component is decreased. The present study investigated this effect using harmonically spaced, as well as logarithmically spaced, backgrounds, because many natural sounds, including voiced speech sounds, consist of harmonically spaced components. Two conditions were employed for both types of backgrounds, fixed-level and roving-level within a trial. Group results revealed a small decrease in threshold with increasing number of components only for the fixed-level, logarithmically spaced backgrounds. No decrease in threshold was observed for the other three conditions, including the roving-level, logarithmically spaced backgrounds which were the same as those used by Green et al. (1984). The present results suggest that the decrease in signal threshold with increasing number of background components exists only under limited conditions and that it is a highly individual phenomenon. The present results also suggest that the effect does not occur for harmonically spaced complexes such as most natural sounds including voiced speech.     

二羰基环戊二烯基（三环己基锡基）铁的晶体结构

关于（三烃基锡基）二数基环戊二烯基铁类配合物的合成反应已进行了许多研究D'，并发现某些这类配合物具有一定的催化聚合作用或抗肿瘤活性［'·'j．这类配合物中已见报道晶体结构的只有烃基为三苯基作配体时的配合物CP（CO）。FesnPh。D'，为了便于比较及研究结构和性能的关系，我们以三环已基为锡的配体，以与文献［'j中近似的方法合成了配合物CP（CO）。Fesfl（C6HI人，并进行了IR、NMR的测定．X光四圆衍射仪对所得单晶的结构测定结果表明，该配合物具有与CP（CO）。F。SnPh。相近的晶体结构．1标题配合物的制备与谱学表征1…     

Modified porphyrinoids from carbazates and hydrazones and the first crystal structure of a di-iminoporphodimethene

Novel porphyrinoids with interrupted conjugation (di-iminoporphodimethenes) result from the Pd-catalyzed coupling of meso-bromo porphyrins and their metal complexes with carbazates and hydrazones, followed by aerial oxidation. X-ray crystallography revealed a saddle shape for molecules of the nickel(II) complex of a di-iminoporphodimethene.     

Inclusive Science Education: Classroom Teacher and Science Educator Experiences in CLASS Workshops

Inclusion is the meaningful participation of students with disabilities in general education classrooms. The CLASS project (Creating Laboratory Access for Science Students) is a unique initiative offering training and resources to help educators provide students with a variety of physical, sensory and learning disabilities equal access in the science laboratory or field. To determine whether participants believed a 2‐week residential workshop sponsored by CLASS raised disability awareness and provided teacher training in inclusive science teaching practice, a multipoint Likert scale survey and questionnaire was completed by all participants (N= 20) in four workshops. Participants reported large gains in their preparedness to teach science to students with disabilities. Participants also reported gains in their familiarity with instructional strategies, curricula, and resources and their ability to design, select, and modify activities for students with disabilities. Finally, shifts in attitudes about teaching science to students with disabilities were noted.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from linseed with on-line evaporative light scattering detection

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green alternative method of extraction for neutral lipids in seeds compared to conventional methods utilizing organic solvents. In this work, a novel method where SFE is hyphenated with an evaporative light scattering detector is presented. The method was subsequently applied to determine lipid content in crushed linseed. The new method enables rapid quantification of extracted lipids as well as be ability to continuously monitor the extraction rate in real-time, thus being able to determine the time point of completed extraction.     

Investigations of Droplet‐Plasma Interaction using Multi‐Dimensional Coupled Model

Recently developed multi‐dimensional coupled fluid‐droplet model is used to investigate the behavior of complex interaction between the liquid precursor droplets and atmospheric pressure plasma (APP). The significance of this droplet‐plasma interaction is not well understood under diverse realm of working conditions in two‐phase flow. In this study, we explain the implication of vaporization of liquid droplets in APP which are subsequently responsible to control major characteristics of surface coating depositions. Coalescence of water droplets is more dominant than Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) droplets because of its sluggish rate of evaporation. A disparity in the performance of evaporation is identified in two independent mediums, such as gas mixture and discharge plasma using HMDSO precursor. The length of evaporation of droplets is amplified by an increment of gas flow rate indicating with a reduction in the gas temperature and electron mean energy. In particular, the spatio‐temporal density distributions of charged particles show a clear pattern in which the typical nitrogen impurity ions are primarily effective as compared to other helium ionic species along the pulse of droplets in APP. Finally, we contrast the behavior of discharge species in the pure helium and He‐N2 gas mixtures revealing the importance of stepwise and Penning ionization processes. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Sun protection Provided by Regulation School Uniforms in Australian Schools: An Opportunity to Improve Personal Sun protection During Childhood

Childhood sun exposure is linked to excessive pigmented mole development and melanoma risk. Clothing provides a physical barrier, protecting skin from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Extending sleeves to elbow length and shorts to knee length has been shown to significantly reduce mole acquisition in preschoolers from tropical Queensland. We used publicly available uniform images and guidelines from primary schools in Townsville (latitude 19.25°S, n = 43 schools), Cairns (16.87°S, n = 46) and the Atherton Tablelands (17.26°S, n = 23) in tropical Australia to objectively determine the body surface proportion covered by regulation school uniforms. Uniforms of nongovernment, large (≥800 students), urban, educationally advantaged schools with comprehensive sun protection policies covered more skin than those of government schools (63.2% vs 62.0%; P < 0.001), smaller schools (63.4% vs 62.3%; P = 0.009), rural (62.7% vs 61.9%; P = 0.002) and educationally disadvantaged schools (62.8% vs 62.3%; P < 0.001) with underdeveloped sun protection policies (62.8% vs 62.2%; P = 0.002). Overall, SunSmart and non‐SunSmart school uniforms covered identical body surface proportions (62.4%, P = 0.084). Although wearing regulation school uniforms is mandatory at most Australian primary schools, this opportunity to improve children's sun protection is largely overlooked. Recent evidence suggests that even encouraging minor alterations to school uniforms (e.g. slightly longer sleeves/dresses/skirts/shorts) to increase skin coverage may reduce mole acquisition and melanoma risk, especially in high‐risk populations.     

Viscoelastic property mapping with contact resonance force microscopy

We demonstrate the accurate nanoscale mapping of near-surface loss and storage moduli on a polystyrene-polypropylene blend with contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM). These viscoelastic properties are extracted from spatially resolved maps of the contact resonance frequency and quality factor of the AFM cantilever. We consider two methods of data acquisition: (i) discrete stepping between mapping points and (ii) continuous scanning. For point mapping and low-speed scanning, the values of the relative loss and storage modulus are in good agreement with the time-temperature superposition of low-frequency dynamic mechanical analysis measurements to the high frequencies probed by CR-FM.     

Aryl-aryl bond formation by the fluoride-free cross-coupling of aryldisiloxanes with aryl bromides

The prevalence of the biaryl structural motif in biologically interesting and synthetically important molecules has inspired considerable interest in the development of methods for aryl-aryl bond formation. Herein we describe a novel strategy for this process involving the fluoride-free, palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of readily accessible aryldisiloxanes and aryl bromides. Using a statistical-based optimisation process, preparatively useful reaction conditions were formulated to allow the cross-coupling of a wide range of different substrates. This methodology represents an attractive, cost-efficient, flexible and robust alternative to the traditional transition-metal-catalysed routes typically used to generate molecules containing the privileged biaryl scaffold.