Sol–gel synthesized powder and pulsed laser deposited film of amorphous indium zinc oxides doped with Fe

Chemical co-precipitation method was used to synthesize nano-structured α-Fe₂O₃-CeO₂ composite by calcination of the goethite–cerium hydroxide precursor. It was observed that the precursor contained goethite matrix doped with cerium. Calcination of the precursor at 400°C showed the formation of nanosize hematite. Mössbauer spectra show the presence of a paramagnetic component in the precursor but not in the samples calcined at 400°C to 800°C temperatures. Our study shows that Ce precipitated as CeO₂ and stuck on the surface of hematite particles. The precipitation of Ce as CeO₂ is independent of the concentration of Ce in the Ce–Fe–O composite.     

Impacts of amorphous metal-based transformers on energy efficiency and environment

Magnetic properties of a recently developed Fe-based amorphous alloy with a high saturation induction of 1.65 T are reviewed. The increased saturation induction is fully utilized in transformers with reduced magnetic losses, physical sizes and audible noises, minimizing some of the drawbacks of amorphous metal-based transformers based on a currently available amorphous alloy. Impacts of this on the worldwide energy savings and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. A recent effort in achieving a saturation induction beyond 1.65 T in nanocrystalline alloys is mentioned.     

Angular-dependent remanent magnetization curve for perpendicular magnetic recording media determined by precise polar-Kerr detection system

We developed the polar-Kerr detection system and evaluated the angular dependence of magnetization curves with applied field of various directions during the newly developed system. The polar-Kerr detection system enabled precise evaluation of angular dependence of remanent coercivity (H_cr), as compared with the conventional VSM system. In addition, a cusp appeared in polar-Kerr hysteresis loop was observed to originate magnetization reversal by the thermal agitation.     

Entropy production and its positivity in nonlinear response theory of quantum dynamical systems

A formulation ofentropy production is given with the aid of relative entropy in the nonlinear response theory of a quantum dynamical system. It allows a natural interpretation of the quantity in terms of familiar thermodynamic notions, such as force and response current conjugate to it, without sacrificing the full nonlinearity in the perturbing force. For the understanding ofdissipativity aspositive entropy production, the stationarity of states and coarse graining of time scale turn out to be essential, which are implemented by some time averaging procedures involvingalmost periodic external forces. Finally, it is shown that the obtained result reduces, in the linear response regime, to the power dissipation appearing in the well-known fluctuation-dissipation relation.     

Carbonyl addition reaction by means of β-silylphosphorous ylide. -diastereoselective vinylation of α-alkoxy aldehydes.

β-Silylphosphorous ylide reacts with α-alkoxy aldehydes to give exclusively vinylation product , with high -diastereoselectivity.     

Polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides initiated by histamine in N,N-dimethylformamide

The polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides (NCAs) initiated by 4-aminoethylimidazole (histamine) was studied in order to synthesize poly(amino acids) containing an imidazole nucleus at the end of polymer chain. On the basis of the kinetical measurements, it was found that the rate of polymerization is proportional to the first order in both NCA and initiator concentrations and that the initiation reaction is predominantly caused by the primary amine with the highest basicity in a histamine molecule. Binding of the histamine fragment to the end of polymer chain was confirmed by elementary analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and measuring the number-average molecular weight of the resulting polymers. It was thus possible to prepare poly(amino acids) with a pendant histamine. In addition, the lowering of the number-average degree of polymerization of the polymers prepared was observed under the condition that the initial molar ratio of NCA to histamine was larger. It was caused by the reinitiation of polymerization by the imidazole nucleus at the chain end.     

Rapidly quenched metastable iron—boron solid solutions

The first successful attempt to increase the solubility of boron (up to 12 at.%) in b.c.c. iron, produced by a rapid quenching technique, is reported. Evidence is shown that the solid solutions are substitutional, replacing on the average two iron atoms by three boron atoms and retaining b.c.c. structures. The metastable phase is stable to temperatures ranging from ～ 880 K for Fe₉₆B₄ to 770 K for Fe₈₈B₁₂. The rate of decrease of the saturation magnetic moment with the boron content is about — 3.0 μ_B per B atom, which is consistent with the existing theory and experiment.     

Four-center photopolymerization in the crystalline state. VIII. X-ray crystallographic study of the polymerization of some diolefinic compounds

The four-center photopolymerization of five diolefinic compounds has been investigated by x-ray crystal analysis. A common packing feature is found for the photopolymerizable crystals and all polymers are three-dimensionally oriented. Topotaxies observed are classified according to the coincidence of space group and the three crystal axes, between monomer and polymer. The polymerization mechanism is discussed on the basis of the topotaxies and it is concluded that the polymerization is lattice controlled over the whole reaction process.