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951.
Hiroshi Tsukube Takashi Yamada Satoshi Shinoda 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2001,38(6):1401-1408
The chemical activation of biological proteins is outlined, in which small molecules are used to alter the chemical and physical properties of biological proteins through direct or indirect interactions. Crown ethers have the potential to modulate the protein functions by supramolecular complexations, because they bind alkylammonium and other ionic residues of the proteins as well as ionic components in their systems. Two interesting examples are described in which crown ether derivatives improved the protein functions: (1) enhancement of reactivity and enantioselectivity in lipase‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions; and (2) generation of catalytic activity in the oxidation with cytochrome c. This chemical activation based on crown ether chemistry can be viewed as a complementary method to biological mutation in modifying the biological protein functions. 相似文献
952.
We treat a concave programming problem with a compact convex feasible set. Assuming the differentiability of the convex functions which define the feasible set, we propose two solution methods. Those methods utilize the convexity of the feasible set and the property of the normal cone to the feasible set at each point over the boundary. Based on the proposed two methods, we propose a solution algorithm. This algorithm takes advantages over classical methods: (1) the obtained approximate solution is always feasible, (2) the error of such approximate value can be evaluated properly for the optimal value of such problem, (3) the algorithm does not have any redundant iterations. 相似文献
953.
K. Matsubara S. Niki M. Watanabe P. Fons K. Iwata A. Yamada 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1999,69(7):S679-S681
LiNbO3 films were epitaxially grown on c-sapphire substrates using oxygen radical-assisted laser molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). X-ray diffraction-based structural analysis showed that the films were epitaxial. Triple-axis rocking curve measurements of the LiNbO3 (0 0 0 6) reflection revealed that the film was highly c-oriented with an extremely narrow mosaic; the full width at half maximum of the LiNbO3 (0 0 0 6) rocking curve was 0.0036°, comparable to the value of high-quality bulk crystals. The surface of the film was very smooth, with a surface roughness r.m.s. value, measured by atomic force microscope, of 0.4 nm for a film of thickness 15 nm. The chemical composition of the film measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was stoichiometric within the accuracy of XPS measurement. 相似文献
954.
J.-C. Lasjaunias K. Biljaković D. Starešinić P. Monceau S. Takasaki J. Yamada S.-I. Nakatsuji H. Anzai 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1999,7(4):541-550
We report on specific heat measurements of the quasi-one-dimensional organic salt (TMTSF)2AsF6 in its spin density wave state between 75 mK and 7 K. Similarly to (TMTSF)2PF6, we find discontinuities in the lattice contribution at 1.9 K an d 3.5 K ascribed to sub-spin density wave phases. Time-dependent
effects due to dynamics of low-energy excitations in metastable states occur only below 0.2 K which yields an activation energy
for the equilibrium energy relaxation process of 0.34 K, 4-5 times smaller than found for (TMTSF)2PF6. Finally the reduction of the low-energy excitations contribution to the specific heat in comparison to PF6 reveals an intermediate cubic-like regime between 0.25 and 0.5 K that we tentatively describe as the phason contribution
of the incommensurate spin density wave modulation.
Received: 17 March 1998 / Revised: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1998 相似文献
955.
M. Hagiwara K. Katsumata H. Yamaguchi M. Tokunaga I. Yamada M. Gross P. Goy 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》1999,20(4):617-622
Antiferromagnetic resonance (AFMR) measurements on a well characterized single crystal sample of MnF2 have been performed using various kinds of millimeter and submillimeter sources up to 570 GHz and a superconducting magnet up to 20 T. All the AFMR modes predicted from the theory have been observed. We report a complete frequency-field chart for these AFMR modes. 相似文献
956.
Kazunobu Yamada Tamaki Nakano Yoshio Okamoto 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2000,38(1):220-228
Free‐radical copolymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc = M1) and other vinyl esters (= M2) including vinyl pivalate (VPi), vinyl 2,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)propionate (VF6Pi), and vinyl benzoate (VBz) with fluoroalcohols and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvents were investigated. The fluoroalcohols affected not only the stereochemistry but also the polymerization rate. The polymerization rate was higher in the fluoroalcohols than in THF. The accelerating effect of the fluoroalcohols on the polymerization was probably due to the interaction of the solvents with the ester side groups of the monomers and growing radical species. The difference in the monomer reactivity ratios (r1, r2) in THF and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol was relatively small for all reaction conditions and for the monomers tested in this work, whereas r1 increased in the VAc‐VF6Pi copolymerization and r2 decreased in the VAc‐VPi copolymerization when perfluoro‐tert‐butyl alcohol was used as the solvent. These results were ascribed to steric and monomer‐activating effects due to the hydrogen bonding between the monomers and solvents. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 220–228, 2000 相似文献
957.
Yutaka Isobe Kazunobu Yamada Tamaki Nakano Yoshio Okamoto 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2000,38(Z1):4693-4703
The free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), isopropyl methacrylate (IPMA), and tert‐butyl methacrylate (t‐BuMA) was carried out under various conditions to achieve stereoregulation. In the MMA polymerization, syndiotactic specificity was enhanced by the use of fluoroalcohols, including (CF3)3COH as a solvent or an additive. The polymerization of MMA in (CF3)3COH at −98 °C achieved the highest syndiotacticity (rr = 93%) for the radical polymerization of methacrylates. Similar effects of fluoroalcohols enhancing syndiotactic specificity were also observed in the polymerization of EMA, whereas the effect was negligible in the IPMA polymerization. In contrast to the polymerizations of MMA and EMA, syndiotactic specificity was decreased by the use of (CF3)3COH in the t‐BuMA polymerization. The stereoeffects of fluoroalcohols seemed to be due to the hydrogen‐bonding interaction of the alcohols with monomers and growing species. The interaction was confirmed by NMR measurements. In addition, in the bulk polymerization of MMA at −78 °C, syndiotactic specificity and polymer yield increased even in the presence of a small amount {[(CF3)3COH]/[MMA]o < 1} of (CF3)3COH. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4693–4703, 2000 相似文献
958.
Osamu Araki Masayasu Horie Toshiro Masuda 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2001,39(3):337-341
The physical aging of polycarbonate was investigated with dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Physical aging was observed for samples aged at 110 °C (QA) and room temperature (QP) after being quenched from the molten state. The shapes of the temperature dispersion curves of the dynamic viscoelastic functions (E′, E″, and tan δ) of the QA and QP samples changed with aging time in a temperature range below the glass‐transition temperature (Tg). However, at temperatures close to but below Tg, the curves for the aged samples merged into the curve of the quenched sample at a temperature denoted TH. TH increased with aging time. The experimental results suggest that the aged sample has a memory of having been quenched and that as the sample approaches the equilibrium state, this memory is lost. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed an endothermic peak below Tg for the QA samples. The peak temperature (Tp) also increased with aging time. TH and Tp of the QA samples were approximately the same. The increase of both TH and Tp with aging time indicates that the structure of the polymeric chain in the glassy state relaxes over larger segment scale lengths because the scale of the movable segments is related to temperature. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 337–341, 2001 相似文献
959.
Lewis acid-promoted cyclizations of heteroatom-substituted enynes have been examined. The reaction of enynes and bearing silicon substituents on an alkyne afforded the halogenated five-membered gamma-lactones and gamma-lactams as the main products. The reaction of substrates and having 2-phosphonoacrylate instead of malonate also gave halogenated five-membered cyclic compounds and as the major products. The cyclized products are highly substituted and potentially useful for further synthetic transformations. 相似文献
960.
Shinichi Aoki Shinya Ohara Keiichiro Kimura Hirotaka Mizuguchi Yasuro Fuse Etsu Yamada 《Analytical sciences》2008,24(3):389-394
The contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from phytoplankton (Microcystis aeruginosa) during cultivation and biodegradation was examined to clarify the causes of the organic pollution of Lake Biwa. Two peaks, peak 2 (retention time (RT) = 32 min) and peak 3 (RT = 35 min), were detected in the algal DOM released from Microcystis aeruginosa during cultivation and biodegradation by gel chromatography with a fluorescence detector (Ex = 340 nm, Em = 435 nm). As these peaks correspond with the peaks detected in the surface water of Lake Biwa, one can conclude that the algal DOM released from Microcystis aeruginosa during cultivation and biodegradation makes a considerable contribution to the refractory organic matter in Lake Biwa. Three fluorescence maxima were observed in the cultivation of Microcystis aeruginosa: a fulvic-like fluorescence peak (peak A) with Ex/Em values of 320/430 nm, a protein-like fluorescence peak (peak C) with Ex/Em values of 280/360 nm, and another peak with Ex/Em values of 240/370 nm. The fluorescence material of peak C has a larger MW than that of peak A. The algal-derived DOM from Microcystis aeruginosa has similar fluorescence to fulvic acid of soil origin but exhibits mainly hydrophilic characteristics. In the biodegradation of Microcystis aeruginosa, a fulvic-like fluorescence peak (peak B) with Ex/Em values of 250/440 nm and a peak with Ex/Em values of 320/380 nm were observed. 相似文献