Formulation study for lansoprazole fast-disintegrating tablet. II. Effect of triethyl citrate on the quality of the products

The purpose of this study was to develop enteric-coated microgranules for the lansoprazole fast-disintegrating tablet (LFDT), which is a rapidly disintegrating tablet containing enteric-coated microgranules. In our previous study, it was clarified that sufficient flexibility of the enteric layer was achieved by the optimized combined ratio of methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion to ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer dispersion and adding the optimized concentration of triethyl citrate to reduce the damage during the compression process. However, since triethyl citrate has an unpleasant bitter taste and is especially incompatible with lansoprazole, it adversely affects the taste and stability of lansoprazole in the enteric-coated microgranules. The enteric layer containing macrogol 6000 was proven useful to improve the unpleasant bitter taste and stability of lansoprazole, because macrogol 6000 does not have an unpleasant bitter taste and is more compatible than triethyl citerate. By covering the inner (first enteric layer) and outer side (third enteric layer) of the enteric layer containing triethyl citrate (second enteric layer) with the enteric layer containing macrogol 6000, we resolved the stability problem of lansoprazole and the unpleasant bitter taste. Finally, we developed enteric-coated microgranules comprising seven layers: 1) core, 2) active compound layer, 3) intermediate layer, 4) first enteric layer, 5) second enteric layer, 6) third enteric layer, and 7) over coating layer. The enteric-coated microgranules have the multiple functions of reducing the damage to the enteric layer during the compression process, improving the stability of lansoprazole, and masking the unpleasant bitter taste.     

IN SITU OBSERVATION OF 2-DIMENSIONAL TEXTURE OF EUROPIUM COMPLEX ON WATER SURFACE BY BREWSTER ANGLE MICROSCOPY

Monolayers of europium complexes on water surface have been directly visualized in the gas-liquid expanded region at different temperatures using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The film texture with network patterns of the complex (C₁₈)₂ Eu(DBM)₄ and hs evolution with time and temperature of the subphase were examined. The average linear cell dimension and the polygon areas have been analyzed as a function of time and the temperature. The mechanism of the domain growth is qualitatively discussed.     

On Sobolev and Capacitary Inequalities for Contractive Besov Spaces over d-sets

We derive Sobolev inequalities for Besov spaces B ^p,p (F), 0<<1, 1p< on d-sets F in R ⁿ , dn, from a metric property of the Bessel capacity on R ⁿ . We first extend Kaimanovitch's result on the equivalence of Sobolev and capacitary inequalites for contractive p-norms in a general setting allowing unbounded Lévy kernels. A simple part of the Jonsson–Wallin trace theorem for Besov spaces and some basic properties of Bessel and Besov capacities on R ⁿ are then utilized in getting the desired inequalities. When p=2, the Besov space being considered is a non-local regular Dirichlet space and gives rise to a jump type symmetric Markov process M over the d-set. The upper bound of the transition function of M and metric properties of M -polar sets are then exhibited.     

Electroproduction of π from C leading to low-lying residual states in B

Energy distributions of π⁺ produced from ¹²C by electrons of total energy 195 MeV were measured at various angles. The results show large contributions from transitions leaving the residual nucleus in the ground (1⁺), first (2⁺) excited state and states at around 4.5 MeV. The angular distributions of ¹²C(γ, π⁺)¹²B leading to these residual states are deduced from the energy distributions by the unfolding method with the virtual photon theory. Theoretical results with the Helm model and the shell model are compared with the experimental results. Their relative shapes are in good agreement. A better agreement in the absolute value is found for the theoretical results which include the final-state interaction estimated with a pion optical potential. The surface production model shows better agreement with the experimental (γ, π⁺) cross sections than the volume production model.     

XAFS spectra from X-ray fluorescence Kβ line using conventional energy-discriminating detector

X-ray fluorescence spectra of copper (Cu) metal, copper monoxide (CuO), and potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) were recorded as a function of incident X-ray energy near the Cu K-edge and chromium (Cr) K-edge, respectively, using a conventional silicon drift detector. The spectra contained components due to elastic, inelastic, and multiple scattering, in addition to the Kα and Kβ lines. Cu and Cr K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra of Cu, CuO, and K₂CrO₄ were obtained by an intensity analysis of the Kα and Kβ lines. The intensity of the Kβ line for the different incident photon energies was obtained by numerically removing the additional scattering components using the MUSCAT program. These spectra exhibited a jump near the K absorption edges, which reproduced the spectral features obtained in transmission mode for both Cu, CuO, and K₂CrO₄. A chemical shift was also clearly identified in the X-ray absorption near edges structure using the X-ray fluorescence Kβ line. In addition, the Cr K-edge extended XAFS spectrum of K₂CrO₄ was clearly observed using the Cr Kβ fluorescent line. The XAFS measurements on the Kα and Kβ lines are possible, and they carry equally valuable information.     

Contact density and number of 5s electrons inβ-Sn

Lifetimes and feeding times of high spin states in ¹⁵⁶ Er have been measured employing the recoil distance method in the reaction ¹²³ Sb(³⁷ Cl,4n) at bombarding energies of 158 and 166 MeV. The yrast states up to spin 20 ? were found to be collective. These levels are fed, however, from long-lived high spin states, causing time delays up to ～ 100 ps, the existence of which is interpreted as a signature for an oblate shape at high spin.     

Determination of the change of nuclear charge radius of the119Sn Mössbauer transition by internal conversion

Radioactive¹¹⁹Sb was implanted into six host matrices (CaSnO₃, Pt, Y, Au,-Sn, Pb) and internal conversion electrons of the 23.87 keV transition in¹¹⁹Sn were measured with an iron-free magnetic spectrometer as well as Mössbauer spectra. In the analysis of the conversion spectra of outermost electrons, the overlapping K-LM Auger lines were subtracted using the Auger spectrum of tin measured with another source of^117mSn, and the shake-off effect accompanying the conversion process was considered. From the correlation between the Mössbauer isomer shifts and the intensity ratios of O-shell to N₁-shell conversion electrons, the change of the nuclear charge radius of the 23.87 keV transition of¹¹⁹Sn was deduced to be R/R=(0.87 ± 0.25) × 10^–4 for a uniform charge distribution ofR= 1.2 ×A ^1/3 fm or, equivalently, r²>—=(3.6 ± 1.0) ×10^–3 fm².     

Projector formalism of generalized Brownian motion theory applied to dissipative and noisy systems

The projector formalism of Zwanzig-Mori type is extended to obtain generalized Fokker-Planck and generalized nonlinear Langevin equations for coarse-grained variables when the underlying microscopic dynamics is dissipative and noisy (stochastic).     

Changes in Hip and Knee Muscle Strength in Patients Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

Objective: To investigate changes in hip and knee muscle strength in patients before and after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in comparison with that in healthy adults. Methods: The study included 21 women who underwent unilateral THA (THA group) and 21 age-matched healthy women (healthy group). Maximal isometric strengths of hip flexors, extensors, and abductors, and knee extensors and flexors were measured before surgery and at 4 weeks and 6 months after surgery. Results: Before surgery, muscle strength on both sides, except for hip flexors on the uninvolved side, was significantly lower in the THA group than the corresponding muscle strength in the healthy group. Up to 6 months after THA, strength of all muscle groups on both sides was significantly improved compared with their preoperative status, although the knee extensor strength on the involved side temporarily worsened at 4 weeks. However, the strength of hip extensors and knee extensors on the involved side, and hip abductors on both sides in the THA group remained below that in the healthy group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that rehabilitation specialists should consider increasing the focus on the uninvolved side and encourage patients to continue strength training beyond 6 months after surgery.