Kinetics of radiation-induced grafting reactions. II. Cellulose acetate–styrene systems

Kinetics of grafting reactions of styrene to preirradiated cellulose acetate have been studied by labeling the active sites with bromine atoms. The dilution of styrene monomer with methanol affected grafting reactions remarkedly: e.g., as the concentration of methanol in monomer solutions increased, the growth rates of individual graft radicals decreased while the average lifetimes increased. The integrated amounts of active sites which participated in grafting reactions were also affected by the constitution of monomer solutions and varied roughly in proportion to the extents of swelling of cellulose acetate. Grafting yields for styrene/methanol = 1/1 were higher than for 3/1 and 1/3 throughout the duration of grafting reactions, which is due not only to the high molecular weight of graft chains but also to the large number of graft chains for the 1/1 system compared to the other systems.     

Effect of bending and stretching of polyethylene strips on the adsorption of surface-active substances

The adsorption of tritium-labeled sodium stearate and ³⁵S-labeled sodium dodecylsulfate from aqueous solution on bent and on stretched polyethylene strips was directly measured. The amount of adsorption increased from 2.5 to 4.5 times on surfaces of various polyethylene samples stretched from 5.2 to 5.3 times the original length. For one sample, adsorption increased 8 and 2.5 times, respectively, on the convex and concave surfaces of a bent strip. Autoradiographs of the strips taken after adsorption revealed the appearance of both homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption on the stretched surface of the polyethylene. The electron micrographs of the strips showed that many small fissures, about 1–5μ in length, formed on their surfaces after the strips were bent or stretched. Enhanced adsorption of the surface-active substance along these fissures was suggested. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that in stretching or bending, fissures increase adsorption of the detergent, and the adsorption in turn promotes further development of fissures. Thus, bending and adsorption mutually promote the growth of fissures which finally result in failure of the polyethylene.     

Stereospecific syn-addition of iodine azide to strained cyclobutene moeity

Addition of tricyclo[4.2.2.0^2.5]deca-3,7-diene and iodine azide was found to be syn on the cyclobutene moiety. Structure determination of the adducts and the formation mechanism are discussed.     

Intensity measurements of extreme ultraviolet radiation from helium plasma by photoelectron spectroscopy

Extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted from He plasma has been studied by means of photoelectron energy analyzer. Relative and absolute intensities of Lyman series of ionized helium have been measured. From these spectral intensities, the electron temperature of the plasma has been estimated at several tens of eV.