全文获取类型
收费全文 | 990篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 705篇 |
晶体学 | 7篇 |
力学 | 24篇 |
数学 | 147篇 |
物理学 | 152篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 16篇 |
2020年 | 21篇 |
2019年 | 23篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 16篇 |
2016年 | 37篇 |
2015年 | 45篇 |
2014年 | 38篇 |
2013年 | 59篇 |
2012年 | 79篇 |
2011年 | 67篇 |
2010年 | 43篇 |
2009年 | 34篇 |
2008年 | 59篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 39篇 |
2005年 | 37篇 |
2004年 | 35篇 |
2003年 | 38篇 |
2002年 | 47篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1932年 | 2篇 |
1931年 | 2篇 |
1927年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1035条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
We introduce an extension of the usual replicator dynamics to adaptive learning rates. We show that a population with a dynamic learning rate can gain an increased average payoff in transient phases and can also exploit external noise, leading the system away from the Nash equilibrium, in a resonancelike fashion. The payoff versus noise curve resembles the signal to noise ratio curve in stochastic resonance. Seen in this broad context, we introduce another mechanism that exploits fluctuations in order to improve properties of the system. Such a mechanism could be of particular interest in economic systems. 相似文献
62.
Hierarchical porous silica materials with a trimodal pore system using surfactant templates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Porous silica exhibiting a hierarchically ordered trimodal pore system with a well-defined reverse opal microstructure and bimodal mesoporosity in the walls has been prepared by using polystyrene latex spheres, a novel block copolymer and an ionic liquid surfactant as templates. The resulting materials exhibit hierarchical order at three length scales (small mesopores: 2-3 nm; large mesopores: 11-12 nm; macropores: 360 nm). 相似文献
63.
Functional MRI using intravascular contrast agents: detrending of the relative cerebrovascular (rCBV) time course 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In pharmacological fMRI experiments in animal models, blood pool contrast agents may be used to map cerebral blood volume change as a surrogate for neural activation. When the background signal drift due to contrast agent washout is non-negligible over the duration of the signal changes of interest, time-course detrending is essential for accurate interpretation of the experiment. Detrending approaches based on estimation of the background signal from a baseline period of the time course prior to pharmacological (or functional) challenge were evaluated with the aim of identifying a robust method of estimating the contrast agent washout contribution to the background signal drift. For fMRI studies in the rat, it was found that a constrained fit of a mono-exponential washout model was more accurate than a constant background approximation and unconstrained fits for experiments investigating the functional response to rapid pharmacological challenges such as cocaine and amphetamine. Moreover, the constrained fitting approach allows shorter baseline periods than unconstrained extrapolation, reducing the required duration of the experiment. 相似文献
64.
For aL
∞
(ℝ+)∩L
1
(ℝ+) the truncated Bessel operator B
τ
(a) is the integral operator acting on L
2
[0,τ] with the kernel
where J
ν
stands for the Bessel function with ν>−1. In this paper we determine the asymptotics of the determinant det(I+B
τ
(a)) as τ→∞ for sufficiently smooth functions a for which a(x)≠1 for all x[0,∞). The asymptotic formula is of the form det(I+B
τ
(a))∼G
τ
E with certain constants G and E, and thus similar to the well-known Szeg?-Akhiezer-Kac formula for truncated Wiener-Hopf determinants.
Received: 23 April 2002 / Accepted: 25 September 2002 Published online: 24 January 2003
RID="*"
ID="*" Supported in part by NSF Grant DMS-9970879.
Communicated by J.L. Lebowitz 相似文献
65.
66.
Time-resolved spectroscopic techniques have been used to prepare and to interrogate transient species that are models for reactive intermediates in cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation. Flash photolysis of acetylcobalt carbonyl complexes of the type RC(O)Co(CO)3(PR'3) (A; R = CH3, CD3, or C2H5; R' = Ph or nBu) leads to CO photodissociation to give the "unsaturated" intermediate [RC(O)Co(CO)2(PR'3)] (I), which decays by two competitive pathways, alkyl migration to the cobalt to give RCo(CO)3PR'3 (M) and reaction with CO to re-form A. With the perdeuterioacetyl complex (R = CD3, R' = Ph), rate constants both of CO trapping (kco) and of methyl migration (kM) were just slightly smaller than those of the perprotio analogue (kh/kd = 1.04 +/- 0.01 and 1.07 +/- 0.09, respectively). Thus, any stabilization of the "vacant" coordination site of I by agostic interactions with the acetyl methyl group appears to be kinetically insignificant, consistent with the previous conclusion (Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 3098-3106) that this site is stabilized by an eta 2-coordinated carbonyl. Changing the phosphine ligand has a greater influence on the kinetics of I. The species generated by the flash photolysis of the trialkyl phosphine complex CH3C(O)Co-(CO)3(P(nBu3)) exhibited a much larger kM than was the case for the PPh3 analogue, although there was little difference in the kco values. Similarly, kM proved to be sensitive to the nature of R as demonstrated by the slower alkyl migration (at 298 K) for the intermediate formed by CO photodissociation from the propionyl complex C2H5C(O)Co(CO)3PPh3 relative to the acetyl analogue. Nonetheless, all these intermediates displayed analogous time-resolved infrared spectra and general kinetics behavior in benzene solution (implying common mechanisms for decay), so it is concluded that all are present as the eta 2-chelated acyl structure under these conditions. 相似文献
67.
68.
The title compound was prepared by annealing molybdenum powder with an excess of tin. Single-crystals were obtained by dissolving the tin-rich matrix in hydrochloric acid. They are Pauli paramagnetic. The crystal structure was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: P6222, a = 548.8(1) pm, c = 1417.1(2) pm, Z = 6, R = 0.036 for 18 variable parameters and 389 structure factors. MoSn2 is only the second representative of the hexagonal Mg2Ni-type structure. The relation of the structure to the CuAl2-type is discussed. 相似文献
69.
70.
Hierarchical nanoporous structures are fabricated by adsorption of micelles of diblock copolymer‐templated Au‐nanoparticles onto a hydrophilic solid substrate. Gold nanoparticles are prepared using micelles (19 nm) of polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) as nanoreactors. Deposition of thin films of the micellar solution, modified with a non‐selective solvent (THF), on hydrophilic surfaces leads to the formation of hierarchical nanoporous morphologies. The thin films exhibit two different pore diameters and a total pore density of 15 × 108 holes per cm2. The structure was analyzed in terms of topography and chemical composition using AFM, TEM and XPS measurements. The PS‐b‐P4VP template was subsequently removed by oxygen plasma etching, to leave behind metallic nanopores that mimic the original thin film morphology.