Dependence of tracking error characteristics on objective lens shift for in-line-type differential push-pull methods using segmented gratings

In this paper, we present the validity of in-line-type differential push-pull methods using segmented gratings with respect to the radial shift of an objective lens by numerical calculation for the first time. In these differential push-pull methods, the segmented gratings for generating sub spots are divided into two to four regions each with a specific phase value and a width. Tracking error signals are calculated with respect to the objective lens shift under parameter conditions of the widths of the segmented regions. The obtained results show that the grating of the simpler configuration with two regions reveals good compatibility between DVD-R and DVD-RAM compared with those with three or four regions     

E 6,7,8 magnetized extra-dimensional models

We study 10D super Yang–Mills theory with the gauge groups E ₆, E ₇ and E ₈. We consider the torus/orbifold compactification with magnetic fluxes and Wilson lines. They lead to 4D interesting models with three families of quarks and leptons, whose profiles in extra dimensions are quasi-localized because of magnetic fluxes.     

Construction of an atomic decomposition for functions with compact support

Chang, Krantz and Stein [D.-C. Chang, S.G. Krantz, E.M. Stein, Hp theory on a smooth domain in Rn and elliptic boundary value problems, J. Funct. Anal. 114 (1993) 286-347] proved that if f∈Hp(Rn) and f vanishes outside , then f has an atomic decomposition whose atoms are contained in Ω. The purpose of this paper is to give another proof for the case n/(n+1)<p?1 and Ω a cube. Our argument provides a simple, direct construction of the desired atomic decomposition, and it works in a class of function spaces more general than the usual Hardy spaces.     

Structural study of NO adsorbed on the reconstructed Pt(110)-(1 x 2) surface with X-ray photoelectron diffraction and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

The adsorption structure of NO on the reconstructed Pt(110)-(1 x 2) surface was studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD), low-energy scanned-angle photoelectron diffraction (LESA-PD), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The experiments were performed at 180 K, where no surface lifting from (1 x 2) to (1 x 1) takes place after NO adsorption. XPS indicates that the (1 x 2) unit cell of the Pt(110) surface contains 1.5 NO molecules at the saturated coverage. XPD and LESA-PD analyses allow us to propose a structural model for the NO adlayer, where two-thirds of the NO molecules in the (1 x 2) unit cell are adsorbed on the atop site of the close-packed Pt rows (ridges) along the [10] direction with an inclined geometry and one-third of the NO molecules adsorb on the bridge site between the Pt ridges with an upright configuration. This model is supported by the N K-edge NEXAFS experiments and is consistent with the recently reported model based on the density functional theory (Orita, H.; Nakamura, I.; Fujitani, T. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 10312).     

Coupling of the phase-field and CALPHAD methods for predicting multicomponent,solid-state phase transformations

The development of an effective microstructure design method for multicomponent alloys is of considerable importance for improving both the design of alloys and the design of processes for producing alloys with unique properties. The coupling of the phase-field method and the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method can be used for predicting the evolution of microstructures in multicomponent alloys. Such predictions make use of CALPHAD thermodynamic information with the chemical free energy function in the phase-field method. This article reviews several of these coupling methods, focusing on solid-state phase transformations in multicomponent systems, such as phase separation and disordered or ordered phase precipitation from a matrix. When calculating disordered phase transformations, the Gibbs energy function derived from the CALPHAD database can be used directly in the phase-field method. On the other hand, when dealing with an order/disorder transition, the degrees of freedom of the element site fraction for an ordered phase in the CALPHAD method can be reduced using the Gibbs energy single formalism for constituent phases, by using a database that stores the Gibbs energy and chemical equilibrium conditions, or by obtaining the driving force calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. The current status and future directions for further development of these coupled methods are discussed.     

Reversible Sodium Metal Electrodes: Is Fluorine an Essential Interphasial Component?

Alkaline metals are an ideal negative electrode for rechargeable batteries. Forming a fluorine‐rich interphase by a fluorinated electrolyte is recognized as key to utilizing lithium metal electrodes, and the same strategy is being applied to sodium metal electrodes. However, their reversible plating/stripping reactions have yet to be achieved. Herein, we report a contrary concept of fluorine‐free electrolytes for sodium metal batteries. A sodium tetraphenylborate/monoglyme electrolyte enables reversible sodium plating/stripping at an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85 % over 300 cycles. Importantly, the interphase is composed mainly of carbon, oxygen, and sodium elements with a negligible presence of fluorine, but it has both high stability and extremely low resistance. This work suggests a new direction for stabilizing sodium metal electrodes via fluorine‐free interphases.     

Magnetic structures of exchange bias Ni/FeF2(1 1 0) interface

Electronic and magnetic structures of ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM), Ni/FeF₂(1 1 0), with a compensated AFM interface are investigated by using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. We find that magnetic structures at the AFM interface are perturbed by a contact with the FM material, where the superexchange interaction through the interface F excites and induces a small net moment at the AFM interface. These results predicted may play an important role for explaining the exchange bias in this system, and rule out the exchange bias mechanisms with the spin-flop coupling and the magnetic moment reorientation.