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991.
This paper analyzes the impact of asymmetry between firms on the outcome of price and quality competition from a microeconomic viewpoint. Consumers purchase a product based on not only its price but also its quality level; therefore, two firms compete in determining their prices and quality levels to maximize their profits. The asymmetry arises from the difference in consumers’ loyalty to each firm; that asymmetry then determines a character of differentiation between firms. Our purpose is to show how asymmetry influences competition under varying consumers’ price- and quality-sensitivity. In doing so, we extend earlier work in the area of price and quality competition. We show that in both the moderately quality-sensitive and price-sensitive markets, higher consumers’ sensitivity as well as lower consumers’ loyalty to any firm leads to intense competition, resulting in a decrease of both firms’ equilibrium profits. On the other hand, in highly quality-sensitive market, asymmetry compels the smaller firm to change its competitive strategy. In general, this is more beneficial to the larger firm, as the smaller firm’s profit tends to decline. In the worst case, the smaller firm is driven out of business under equilibrium. 相似文献
992.
Dr. Takeshi Fujita Yutaro Kobayashi Dr. Ikko Takahashi Ryutaro Morioka Dr. Tomohiro Ichitsuka Prof. Dr. Junji Ichikawa 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(2):e202103643
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of allylic difluorides with aryl iodides was achieved via allylic C−F bond activation. Based on this protocol, a series of γ-arylated monofluoroalkenes were synthesized in moderate to high yields with high Z-selectivities. Mechanistic studies suggest that the C−I bonds of the aryl iodides and the C−F bonds of the allylic difluorides were cleaved via oxidative addition and β-fluorine elimination, respectively, where the oxidative addition of less reactive C−F bonds was avoided to permit their transformation. 相似文献
993.
Dr. Tomohiro Ichitsuka Shingo Komatsuzaki Dr. Koichiro Masuda Dr. Nagatoshi Koumura Dr. Kazuhiko Sato Prof. Dr. Shū Kobayashi 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2021,27(42):10844-10848
The N-arylation of chiral amino acid esters with minimal racemization is a challenging transformation because of the sensitivity of the α-stereocenter. A versatile synthetic method was developed to prepare N-arylated amino acid esters using cyclohexanones as aryl sources under continuous-flow conditions. The designed flow system, which consists of a coil reactor and a packed-bed reactor containing a Pd(OH)2/C catalyst, efficiently afforded the desired N-arylated amino acids without significant racemization, accompanied by only small amounts of easily removable co-products (i. e., H2O and alkanes). The efficiency and robustness of this method allowed for the continuous synthesis of the desired product in very high yield and enantiopurity with high space-time yield (74.1 g L−1 h−1) and turnover frequency (5.9 h−1) for at least 3 days. 相似文献
994.
Dr. José I. Urgel Dr. Marco Di Giovannantonio Guido Gandus Qiang Chen Dr. Xunshan Liu Dr. Hironobu Hayashi Dr. Pascal Ruffieux Prof. Dr. Silvio Decurtins Dr. Akimitsu Narita Dr. Daniele Passerone Prof. Dr. Hiroko Yamada Shi-Xia Liu Prof. Dr. Klaus Müllen Dr. Carlo A. Pignedoli Prof. Dr. Roman Fasel 《Chemphyschem》2019,20(18):2360-2366
On-surface synthesis is a unique tool for growing low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with precise structural control down to the atomic level. This novel approach relies on carefully designed precursor molecules, which are deposited on suitable substrates and activated to ultimately form the desired nanostructures. One of the most applied reactions to covalently interlink molecular precursors is dehalogenative aryl-aryl coupling. Despite the versatility of this approach, many unsuccessful attempts are also known, most of them associated to the poor capability of the activated precursors to couple to each other. Such failure is often related to the steric hindrance between reactants, which may arise due to their coplanarity upon adsorption on a surface. Here, we propose a copolymerization approach to overcome the limitations that prevent intermolecular homocoupling. We apply the strategy of using suitable linkers as additional reactants to the formation of fully conjugated polycyclic nanowires incorporating non-benzenoid rings. 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
Kouhei Ookuma Tomoyuki Amako Hiyori Aoyama Tomohiro Sato Nobuo Tajima Reiko Kuroda 《Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals》2014,592(1):209-217
Charge-transfer (CT) complexes were prepared using racemic (rac)-10,10′-dihydroxy-9,9′-biphenanthryl, which has a large and highly π-conjugated phenanthrene ring, as the electron donor and p-benzoquinone as the electron acceptor. This CT system showed a polymorphism. 相似文献
998.
Dr. Tomohiro Higashino Issei Nishimura Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Imahori 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(60):13816-13823
A [2+2+1] cyclization strategy of bis(alkynyl)porphyrin using low-valent titanium species, generated in situ, afforded phosphole-fused dehydropurpurins for the first time. The systematic investigations on the electronic properties of the dehydropurpurins revealed their unique features owing to the oxidation states of the phosphorus atom on the fused phosphole ring. The phosphole P=O and P=S derivatives were found to possess high electron-accepting character derived from phosphorus(V) centers without the contribution of 24π antiaromatic character, suggesting their potential utility as electron-accepting materials. In contrast, the phosphorus(III) derivatives revealed different optical and electrochemical properties arising from both 18π aromatic and 24π antiaromatic networks including the lone pair of the phosphorus(III) atom. Overall, the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom has a clear impact on the whole electronic properties, demonstrating the advantages of chemical modifications of the phosphorus center for creating an exotic π-system. The application of titanium-mediated [2+2+1] cyclization to porphyrins is highly promising for expanding a world of heterole-fused porphyrinoids. 相似文献
999.
Ryusuke Hagihara Dr. Tomohiro Umeno Dr. Shoji Ueki Dr. Daisuke Yoshihara Dr. Yasufumi Fuchi Dr. Kazuteru Usui Masaomi Sakuma Prof. Dr. Ken-ichi Yamada Prof. Dr. Satoru Karasawa 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2021,27(9):3039-3046
Emissive push–pull-type bisnaphthyridylamine derivatives ( BNA-X : X=Me, Et, Bzl, Ph, BuBr, and BuTEMPO) aggregate in aqueous methanol. Furthermore, a two-step emission and aggregation process is controllable by varying the methanol-to-water ratio. At 2:3 MeOH/H2O, crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE) occurs via formation of an emissive crystal phase, whereas, at 1:9 MeOH/H2O, aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) occurs, induced by emissive supramolecular nanoparticles (NPs). For BNA-Ph , the emission quantum yield was 25 times higher in aqueous methanol than that in pure methanol. Despite the high hydrophobicity of BNA-X (C log P=6.1–8.0), the spherical NPs were monodisperse (polydispersity indices <0.2). Moreover, the emissive NPs exhibited fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with pyrene; however, for BNA-X bearing the TEMPO radical ( BNA-BuTEMPO ), no FRET was observed because of quenching. In particular, the BNA-BuTEMPO NPs have a slow rotational correlation time (1.3 ns), suggesting applications as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents with large relaxivity. 相似文献
1000.