Benzylbenzoin benzyl ethers as new photoinitiators

The title benzoins are prepared and their photochemistry has been investigated. Product analysis studies indicate that the benzoin undergoes Norrish Type I photocleavage to generate benzoyl and benzyloxybenzyl radical, followed by thermal fragmentation to produce deoxybenzoin thereby generating benzyl radical. All three transient species are actually detected and characterized by laser flash photolysis of the benzoin in solution at room temperature. The efficiency of the benzoins as photoinitiator has been also investigated. Effects of ring substituents and polycyclic aromatic rings on the photoreactivity have been revealed.     

Preparation of bis(diazo) compounds incorporated into butadiyne and thiophene units and generation and characterization of their photoproducts

(2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenyl)(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)diazomethane(-N(2)) was found to be stable enough to survive under Sonogashira coupling reaction conditions, and aryldiazomethyl substituents were introduced at the 1,4-positions of butadiyne (4-2N(2)) and the 2,5-positions of thiophene(5-2N(2)). Irradiation of those bis(diazo) compounds generated bis(carbenes), which were characterized by using ESR and UV/vis spectroscopic techniques in a matrix at low temperature as well as time-resolved UV/vis spectroscopy in solution at room temperature. These studies revealed that both of the bis(carbenes), 4 and 5, have singlet quinoidal diradical ground states with a very small singlet-triplet energy gap of less than 1 kcal mol(-1). A remarkable increase in the lifetime of bis(carbenes), as opposed to that of the monocarbene (2), was noted and was interpreted to indicate that bis(carbenes) are thermodynamically stabilized as a result of delocalization of unpaired electrons throughout the pi net framework. In spite of the stability, both bis(carbenes) are readily trapped by molecular oxygen to afford bis(ketones). Presumably, the reaction of the upper-lying localized quintet states with oxygen is much faster than that for lower-lying states.     

Diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted cycloalkanecarboxaldehydes

A highly useful method for diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of trans- and cis-1,2-disubstituted cycloalkanecarboxaldehydes (trans- and cis-10), useful chiral synthons having asymmetric tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms in vicinal positions in their rings, is devised starting from cycloalkenecarboxal-dehydes (5) t-Leucine t-butyl ester (2, R=Bu^t), a highly effective chiral auxiliary reagent in the present method, can be recovered for recycling without any loss of optical purity Some mechanistic explanations on the stereochemical courses of the reactions are presented     

Generation, characterization, and kinetics of triplet Di[1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8-octahydro-1,4:5,8-di(ethano)anthryl]carbene

The title carbene has been generated by photolysis of the corresponding diazo precursors and studied by spectroscopic means, i. e., electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV/vis spectroscopy in matrixes at low temperature and laser-flash photolysis in solution at room temperature, with the product analysis. The results are compared with triplet di(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)carbene, an open-chain counterpart, which revealed that bicycloalkyl groups are acting as a fairly good kinetic protector for the triplet carbene as opposed to the open-chain counterpart. The formation of all-hydrocarbon triplet carbenes having a half-life over a second under normal conditions was realized for the first time. Effects of para-substituents on the structure and reactivities of the carbene are also investigated and discussed in terms of polar and spin electronic effects.     

Enantiospecific total synthesis of (-)-megaphone by a highly controlled consecutive 1,4- and 1,3-asymmetric induction

Enantiospecific total synthesis of (-)-megaphone (1) is reported. The key synthetic tactic is the use of (4$\text{S}$)-2$\text{Z}$-ethylidene-4-trityloxymethyl-butan-4-olide (6) to both establish the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the contiguous tertiary and quaternary carbon centers by a highly controlled 1,4- and 1,3-asymmetric induction and construct the 4-methoxy-6,6-dialkyl-cyclohexenone portion of 1.     

Reaction of tetramethylpiperidine N-oxides with persistent triplet diphenylcarbenes

Persistent triplet diphenylcarbenes with considerable stability have been shown to be trapped by tetramethylpiperidine N-oxides (TEMPOs) to give the corresponding benzophenones as major products along with tetramethylpiperidine, which indicates that the reaction pattern is essentially identical with that observed for parent triplet diphenylcarbene. The absolute rate constants for the quenching reaction were measured by a laser flash photolysis technique and compared with those for quenching by other typical triplet carbene quenchers. The results showed that the reactivity of TEMPOs toward triplet carbenes was lower than that of oxygen but higher than that of 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The advantages of TEMPOs as a triplet carbene quencher as opposed to the other quenchers are discussed, and TEMPOs are shown to be very convenient reagents to estimate the reactivity of triplet carbenes.     

Stannaacetylene (RSn[triple bond]CR') showing carbene-like reaction mode

Photolysis of diazomethylstannylene 2 (ArSn-C(N2)Si(i-Pr)3, Ar = C6H3-2,6-Tip2 (Tip = C6H2-2,4,6-(i-Pr)3)) generated formal stannaacetylene 1 as a reactive intermediate, which was evidenced by the formation of cyclic arylalkylstannylene 4 via an intramolecular carbene insertion to a CH bond of isopropyl groups. The structures of the compounds 2 and 4 were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. Stannaacetylene 1 was directly observed by laser flash photolysis of 2; lambdamax = 355 nm, tau = 50 ms at room temperature. No triplet ESR signals were observed during the photolysis of 2 in 3-methylpentane glass matrix at 77 K, indicating the singlet nature of 1. Theoretical calculations for the parent stannaacetylene suggest that the stannaacetylene is characterized as a SnC triple-bonded compound with a significant contribution of stannylene-(doubly excited)carbene structure.     

Chlorotrimethylsilane promoted asymmetric Michael reaction of chiral enamines of α-alkyl β-keto esters

By the promotion of chlorotrimethylsilane, asymmetric Michael reaction of the chiral enamines (2) of α-alkyl β-keto esters (1) with methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl acrylate proceeded to afford, after hydrolysis, either enantiomer of the corresponding adducts (4) in a good enantioselectivity.     

Preparation of poly(bis(trialkylammonium) 4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamate) films: A useful polyimide precursor film

A poly[bis(trialkylammonium) 4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamate] film not containing residual solvents was prepared first as a polyimide precursor film. The preparative method is composed of three process steps involving (1) polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride with 4,4′-oxydianiline in a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran/methanol, (2) addition of a mixture of methanol/trialkylamine to the resulting poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamic acid) solution, and (3) casting onto glass plates and drying. The salt formation between the poly(amic acid) and trialkylamines was confirmed first by spectroscopic methods. The dried salt film is thermally cured to produce the polyimide film with a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 2493–2499, 1997     

三线态二苯基卡宾的动力学稳定效应

通过对二苯基重氮甲烷进行光照射产生了一系列于邻位和对位具有不同大小取代基的三线态二苯基卡宾.用紫外可见光谱对其进行了直接观察,并利用激光闪光光解法测定了三线态二苯基卡宾在室温脱氧苯溶液中的寿命,由此表明在邻位和对位里引入庞大的取代基对三线态二苯基卡宾具有更好的稳定效应.