全文获取类型
收费全文 | 813篇 |
免费 | 37篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 599篇 |
晶体学 | 8篇 |
力学 | 14篇 |
数学 | 124篇 |
物理学 | 107篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 21篇 |
2020年 | 17篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 30篇 |
2014年 | 29篇 |
2013年 | 48篇 |
2012年 | 60篇 |
2011年 | 54篇 |
2010年 | 42篇 |
2009年 | 24篇 |
2008年 | 50篇 |
2007年 | 49篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 44篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 27篇 |
2002年 | 16篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 5篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有852条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
121.
Tomas Sauer 《PAMM》2011,11(1):863-866
Transformations are ubiquitous in practically every field of signal processing and the choice of the right transformation can be crucial for extracting the information from the data. In computational practice, however, the fact that one tries to implement an infinite transformation defined on a continuum for finite discrete data can lead to unwanted and often also unexpected effects. Using the example of the continuous wavelet transform, this note points to some of these effects and gives explanation why this happens and how it can be avoided. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
122.
S. Crunaire J. Tarmoul C. Fittschen A. Tomas B. Lemoine P. Coddeville 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2006,85(2-3):467-476
The coupling between cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and an environmental chamber in the investigation of photo-induced reaction mechanisms is demonstrated for the first time. The development of the CRDS device and the corresponding analytical performances are presented. The first application is devoted to the investigation of the branching ratio of the ?OH radical reaction of CH3C(O)OH and CH3C(O)OD under tropospheric conditions. An environmental chamber coupled to two complementary detection systems is used: gas chromatography with FTIR spectroscopy for quantitative detection of acetic acid; CRDS for quantitative detection of CO2. Investigation of the reaction kinetics of ?OH+CH3C(O)OH gives a rate constant of (6.5±0.5)×10-13 cm3?molecule-1?s-1 (296 K) and shows good agreement with literature data. The product study indicates that the H-abstraction channel from the acid group is the dominant pathway with a branching ratio of (78±13)%, whereas the corresponding D-abstraction channel in the ?OH+CH3C(O)OD reaction represents only (36±7)%. This result could be attributed to a strong kinetic isotope effect. Glyoxylic acid has also been detected for the first time as by-product. These results illustrate the high interest of the CRDS technique in the investigation of atmospheric relevant problems. 相似文献
123.
We report on the electrical properties of a-IGZO thin films prepared by reactive sputtering. Without oxygen injection, dc resistivity measured at room temperature is ρ300K = 1.22 × 10−3 Ωm. The lowest resistivity ρ300K = 4.86 × 10−5 Ωm is obtained at a certain oxygen supply into the deposition process. Hall effect measurements of these films reveal a metallic-like behavior from mobility and carrier concentration vs. temperature in the range 15–300 K whereas films deposited without oxygen or for the highest oxygen flows behave as semiconductors. These enhanced electrical properties are connected to the oxygen vacancies and the local coordination structure around the In3+ cations. 相似文献
124.
Danhelova H Hradecky J Prinosilova S Cajka T Riddellova K Vaclavik L Hajslova J 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2012,403(10):2883-2889
The development and use of a fast method employing a direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) for the quantitative analysis of caffeine in various coffee samples has been demonstrated in this study. A simple sample extraction procedure employing hot water was followed by direct, high-throughput (<1 min per run) examination of the extracts spread on a glass rod under optimized conditions of ambient mass spectrometry, without any prior chromatographic separation. For quantification of caffeine using DART-TOFMS, an external calibration was used. Isotopically labeled caffeine was used to compensate for the variations of the ion intensities of caffeine signal. Recoveries of the DART-TOFMS method were 97% for instant coffee at the spiking levels of 20 and 60 mg/g, respectively, while for roasted ground coffee, the obtained values were 106% and 107% at the spiking levels of 10 and 30 mg/g, respectively. The repeatability of the whole analytical procedure (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD, %) was <5% for all tested spiking levels and matrices. Since the linearity range of the method was relatively narrow (two orders of magnitude), an optimization of sample dilution prior the DART-TOFMS measurement to avoid saturation of the detector was needed. 相似文献
125.
Shahid Ullah Tomas Alsberg Robin Vestergren Urs Berger 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2012,404(8):2193-2201
A sensitive and accurate method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, and phosphonic acids (PFPAs) at low picograms per gram concentrations in a variety of food matrices. The method employed extraction with acetonitrile/water and cleanup on a mixed-mode co-polymeric sorbent (C8?+?quaternary amine) using solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a mobile phase gradient containing 5?mM 1-methyl piperidine for optimal chromatographic resolution of PFPAs. A quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer operating in negative ion mode was used as detector. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.002 to 0.02?ng?g?1 for all analytes. Sample preparation (extraction and cleanup) recoveries at a spiking level of 0.1?ng?g?1 to a baby food composite were in the range of 59 to 98?%. A strong matrix effect was observed in the analysis of PFPAs in food extracts, which was tentatively assigned to sorption of PFPAs to the injection vial in the solvent-based calibration standard. The method was successfully applied to a range of different food matrices including duplicate diet samples, vegetables, meat, and fish samples. Figure
Extracted high-resolution mass chromatograms of a PFPAs spiked at 0.06 ng g?–1 to baby food, b PFSAs spiked at 0.02 ng g?–1 to baby food, and c PFCAs spiked at 0.02 ng g?–1 to baby food 相似文献
126.
Kalachova K Pulkrabova J Cajka T Drabova L Hajslova J 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2012,403(10):2813-2824
In the presented study, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC?×?GC-TOFMS) was shown to be a powerful tool for the simultaneous determination of various groups of contaminants including 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since different groups of analytes (traditionally analyzed separately) were included into one instrumental method, significant time savings were achieved. Following the development of an integrated sample preparation procedure for an effective and rapid isolation of several groups of contaminants from fish tissue, the GC?×?GC-TOFMS instrumental method was optimized to obtain the best chromatographic resolution and low quantification limits (LOQs) of all target analytes in a complex mixture. Using large-volume programmable temperature vaporization, the following LOQs were achieved-PCBs, 0.01-0.25 μg/kg; PBDEs, 0.025-5 μg/kg; PAHs 0.025-0.5 μg/kg. Furthermore, several capillary column combinations (BPX5, BPX50, and Rxi-17Sil-ms in the first dimension and BPX5, BPX50, Rt-LC35, and HT8 in the second dimension) were tested during the experiments, and the optimal separation of all target analytes even of critical groups of PAHs (group (a): benz[a]anthracene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene and chrysene; group (b): benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene; group (c): dibenz[ah]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene) was observed on BPX5?×?BPX50 column setup. Moreover, since the determination of target analytes was performed using TOFMS detector, further identification of other non-target compounds in real life samples was also feasible. 相似文献
127.
128.
Alex Rodriguez M. Santos Tomas Jaime Rubio-Martinez 《Journal of mathematical chemistry》2012,50(10):2703-2715
We report a benchmark calculation for the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm that can be used as a reference in theoretical and practical studies related to classification methodologies. A full exploration of the hard-initialization space is done for all possible different groupings on a simple fifteen-pattern system to describe their stationary points. Numerical problems associated with the stopping criteria are discussed in relation with the calculation of some validity indexes. All necessary information to assure an easy reproduction of the obtained results is clearly reported. 相似文献
129.
E Alerstam T Svensson S Andersson-Engels L Spinelli D Contini A Dalla Mora A Tosi F Zappa A Pifferi 《Optics letters》2012,37(14):2877-2879
We demonstrate interstitial diffuse optical time-of-fight spectroscopy based on a single fiber for both light delivery and detection. Detector saturation due to the massive short-time reflection is avoided by ultrafast gating of a single photon avalanche diode. We show that the effects of scattering and absorption are separable and that absorption can be assessed independently of scattering. Measurements on calibrated liquid phantoms and subsequent Monte Carlo-based evaluation illustrate that absorption coefficients can be accurately assessed over a wide range of medically relevant optical properties. Our findings pave the way to simplified and less invasive interstitial in vivo spectroscopy. 相似文献
130.
Gonec T Bobal P Sujan J Pesko M Guo J Kralova K Pavlacka L Vesely L Kreckova E Kos J Coffey A Kollar P Imramovsky A Placek L Jampilek J 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2012,17(1):613-644
In this study, a series of thirty-five substituted quinoline-2-carboxamides and thirty-three substituted naphthalene-2-carboxamides were prepared and characterized. They were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. Primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also performed against four mycobacterial species. N-Cycloheptylquinoline-2-carboxamide, N-cyclohexylquinoline-2-carboxamide and N-(2-phenylethyl)quinoline-2-carboxamide showed higher activity against M. tuberculosis than the standards isoniazid or pyrazinamide and 2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)quinoline and 1-(2-naphthoyl)pyrrolidine expressed higher activity against M. kansasii and M. avium paratuberculosis than the standards isoniazid or pyrazinamide. The most effective antimycobacterial compounds demonstrated insignificant toxicity against the human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line. The PET-inhibiting activity expressed by IC(50) value of the most active compound N-benzyl-2-naphthamide was 7.5 μmol/L. For all compounds, the structure-activity relationships are discussed. 相似文献