First results from KamLAND: evidence for reactor antineutrino disappearance

KamLAND has measured the flux of nu;(e)'s from distant nuclear reactors. We find fewer nu;(e) events than expected from standard assumptions about nu;(e) propagation at the 99.95% C.L. In a 162 ton.yr exposure the ratio of the observed inverse beta-decay events to the expected number without nu;(e) disappearance is 0.611+/-0.085(stat)+/-0.041(syst) for nu;(e) energies >3.4 MeV. In the context of two-flavor neutrino oscillations with CPT invariance, all solutions to the solar neutrino problem except for the "large mixing angle" region are excluded.     

Growth process of TiC clusters from Ti nanoparticles with evaporated carbon layer

Titanium carbide formation by the solid–solid reaction on the surface of Ti nanoparticles was studied in situ using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope with a heating stage. The cross-sectional image of the Ti surface was clearly observed. Vacuum-deposited carbon covered the whole the surface of Ti nanoparticles in spite of the partly evaporation on the nanoparticle surface. The diffusion of the carbon atoms inside the Ti nanoparticles depended on the size of the nanoparticles. When the Ti nanoparticle diameter was less than 30 nm, carbon atoms diffused into the Ti nanoparticle and formed TiC. The superstructure of the Ti nanoparticles was observed, which revealed the growth process of TiC to be the diffusion of carbon atoms. For Ti nanoparticles with diameter larger than 30 nm it was observed that diffusion of Ti atoms into the carbon layer was dominant, which resulted in formation of TiC in the carbon layer at the surface of Ti nanoparticles.     

Widely tunable narrowband soliton source generation in tellurite microstructured fibers

We demonstrate widely tunable soliton and dispersive wave source generation in a highly nonlinear tellurite microstructured fiber pumped by a 1550 nm femtosecond fiber laser. The spectral range covered by the soliton and dispersive wave source is as wide as 1100 nm from 1150 to 2250 nm. It is shown that the spectral linewidth of the soliton and dispersive wave can be controlled by changing the length of the tellurite microstructured fiber easily owing to the dispersion-induced pulse broadening effects. This light source using tellurite microstructured fiber could open wide applications.     

Rapid wavelength scanning based on acousto-optically tuned external-cavity laser diode

High-speed, wide-range wavelength scanning is demonstrated using a laser diode with an antireflection coating and an external cavity employing an acousto-optic deflector. The narrow spectral width of 0.2 nm observed in the experiment indicates the availability of a highly coherent laser beam. The scanning range of 15 nm under rapid modulation is confirmed in the prototype system. A tuning rate of more than 100 kHz is achieved without any mode hops. To the best of our knowledge, no such high-speed wavelength tuning based on an acousto-optical configuration has been demonstrated thus far.     

Wideband supercontinuum generation in tapered tellurite microstructured fibers

Enhanced soliton trapping of dispersive waves in a tapered tellurite microstructured fiber pumped by a 1556 nm femtosecond fiber laser is demonstrated. The short wavelength edge of supercontinuum light is extended from 960 to 600 nm after tapering the tellurite microstructured fiber, which is caused by the enhanced soliton trapping of dispersive waves owing to the changing group velocities in tapered fibers. Wide-band supercontinuum light source spanning from 600 to >2400 nm is generated in tapered tellurite micro-structured fibers. Our experimental and simulated results show that short length (several centimeters) zero-dispersion-wave length decreasing highly nonlinear fiber has a potential for generating wideband supercontinuum light source expanding from visible to mid-infrared region.     

Switchable different operation states in an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity with normal dispersion

We demonstrate different operation states which can be switched by the polarization control in an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity with normal dispersion, including passive single-pulse and multiple-pulse mode-locking, coherent pulse pattern, and passive Q-switching. The mode-locked single pulse has a smooth and broad rectangular-shaped spectrum. With increasing pump power, multiple pulses appear and finally six pulses are observed, where the pulses have no interaction with each other. Keeping the pump power at 407 mW and adjusting the polarization state, we observe the coherent pulse pattern with the pulse numbers from 2 to 5. It is the first time five coherent pulses in the 1.55 μm normal dispersion cavity have been observed, to our knowledge. The mode-locked spectra are highly modulated and the largest pulse separation of 31.9 ps is observed for the two-pulse case. When the pump power exceeds 180 mW, the mode-locked operation can be switched to the passively Q-switched operation by controlling the polarization state. The repetition rate and pulse width can be changed by pump power variation, and the spectrum is tunable in the range of 8.45 nm.     

Low Power Penalty Operation of a Wide Input Dynamic Range Cross-Phase Modulation Wavelength Converter

We successfully demonstrated low power penalty operation of a cross-phase modulated (XPM) wavelength converter using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) power equalizer. We also clarified the SOA equalizing level for more adaptive wavelength conversion and achieved a power penalty of less than 1 dB over the wide input dynamic range of 15 dB.     

A Small One-Fiber WDM Optical Ethernet PC Card for FTTD

A new generation of network interface card for fiber-to-the-desktop has been fabricated. The fabricated card is PC-card size and suitable for notebook PCs. It could become the key element in the coming optical Ethernet age.     

Simultaneous observation of low temperature 4f-4f and 3d-3d emission spectra in a series of Cr(III)(ox)Ln(III) assembly

We report here the low temperature emission spectra in the heterometal dinuclear 3d-4f assembled molecular system [(acac)₂Cr^III(μ-ox)Ln^III(HBpz₃)₂] (Cr(ox)Ln:acac⁻=acetylacetonate, ox²⁻=oxalate, HBpz₃⁻=hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate; Ln=La, Nd, Ho, Er , Tm and Yb) in comparison with those of Na[Cr(acac)₂(ox)] and [(HBpz₃)₂Ln(μ-ox)Ln(HBpz₃)₂](Ln=Nd and Er). From 10 to 150 K the Cr(ox)Ln complexes show a broad emission band around 800 nm from the ²E state of Cr(III) moiety. At room temperature no ²E-⁴A₂ emission was observed in the Cr(ox)Ln except for the La and Lu complexes. On warming from 10 to 300 K rapid quenching of the ²E-⁴A₂ emission of Cr(III) is suggested to result from the energy transfer from Cr to Ln in the Cr(ox)Ln. The excitation spectra and the life-time were also measured with monitoring the 4f-4f emission peaks of the Cr(ox)Yb complex.