Investigation of the cell-wall loosening protein expansin as a possible additive in the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology -     

Parallel DNA Constrained by“CC~ Clamps”

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｆａｍｉｌｉａｒａｎｔｉｐａｒａｌｅｌＷａｔｓｏｎ－Ｃｒｉｃｋｄｕｐｌｅｘｅｓ,ｉｔｉｓａｌｓｏｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏｆｏｒｍｐａｒａｌｅｌＤＮＡｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｕｐｌｅｘｅｓｗｉｔｈｒｅｖｅｒｓｅＷ...     

Arene–perfluoroarene interactions in crystal engineering. 4.

In the title complex, C₆F₆·C₁₄H₁₂, nearly parallel mol­ecules of trans-stilbene and librationally disordered hexa­fluoro­benzene form a mixed stack, with each molecule lying on an independent inversion centre. Adjacent stacks pack together in a herring-bone manner.     

Arene–perfluoroarene interactions in crystal engineering. 5.

In the title complex, C₁₀F₈·C₆H₄S₄, planar centrosymmetric mol­ecules of tetra­thia­fulvalene and octa­fluoro­naphthalene, inclined to each other by 9.6 (1)°, form a mixed stack which does not exhibit charge transfer. Adjacent stacks pack in a herring-bone motif.     

Upper bounds on n-dimensional Kloosterman sums

Let p^m be any prime power and K_n(a,p^m) be the Kloosterman sum , where the x_i are restricted to values not divisible by p. Let m,n be positive integers with m?2 and suppose that p^γ||(n+1). We obtain the upper bound , for odd p. For p=2 we obtain the same bound, with an extra factor of 2 inserted.     

Register Allocation in Structured Programs

In this article we look at the register allocation problem. In the literature this problem is frequently reduced to the general graph coloring problem and the solutions to the problem are obtained from graph coloring heuristics. Hence, no algorithm with a good performance guarantee is known. Here we show that when attention is restricted tostructured programswhich we define to be programs whose control-flow graphs are series-parallel, there is an efficient algorithm that produces a solution which is within a factor of 2 of the optimal solution. We note that even with the previous restriction the resulting coloring problem is NP-complete.We also consider how to delete a minimum number of edges from arbitrary control-flow graphs to make them series-parallel and to apply our algorithm. We show that this problem is Max SNP hard. However, we define the notion of anapproximate articulation pointand we give efficient algorithms to find approximate articulation points. We present a heuristic for the edge deletion problem based on this notion which seems to work well when the given graph is close to series-parallel.     

Superconvergence for galerkin methods for the two point boundary problem via local projections

The two point boundary problemy'-a(x)y–b(x)y=-f(x), o<x<1,y(0)=y(1)=0, is first solved approximately by the standard Galerkin method, (Y, ) + (aY+bY, )=(f, ), ₁ ⁰ (r, ), for a function Y ₁ ⁰ (r, ), the space ofC ¹-piecewise--degree-polynomials vanishing atx=0 andx=1 and having knots at {x ₀ ,x ₁ , ...,x _M }=. ThenY is projected locally into a polynomial of higher degree by means of one of several projections. It is then shown that higher-order convergence results locally, provided thaty is locally smooth and is quasi-uniform.This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation.     

Terahertz/Millimeter Wave Characterizations of Soils for Mine Detection: Transmission and Scattering

The detection of anti-personnel mines depends on the soil transmission and scattering at a given wavelength. Transmission spectra were measured over the range 90–4200 GHz for 19 soil samples that span a number of soil orders that have extensive worldwide distribution using a vector network analyzer (90–140 GHz) and a Fourier spectrometer (120–4200 GHz). Transmission drops to nearly zero for wavelengths shorter than the characteristic particle size of the sample as a consequence of scattering. This interpretation is supported by a fit to a standard scattering model with physically reasonable fitting parameters. Transmission spectra were also measured for various liquids (90–600 GHz) for possible index matching. These liquids were mixed with the soil sample and were found to reduce scattering and increase transmission through the soil at higher frequencies. This work is relevant to mine detection using terahertz and millimeter wave radiation for high resolution images through the soil.     

High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of YbCl: The AΠ–XΣ Transition

The A²Π–X²Σ⁺ transition of ¹⁷⁴Yb³⁵Cl and ¹⁷²Yb³⁵Cl has been rotationally analyzed for the first time. Doppler-limited laser excitation spectroscopy with selective detection of fluorescence was used to obtain spectra of the 0–0 and 1–0 bands with a measurement accuracy of approximately 0.0035 cm⁻¹. Resolved fluorescence was used to record the 0–1, 0–2, and 0–3 bands and to unequivocally assign the rotational numbering, N, to the laser excitation spectra. In total, over 1300 line positions have been measured and assigned for each of the two isotopomers and employed in least-squares fits of molecular parameters. The principal results for the A²Π state are A_e = 1491.494(2) cm⁻¹ and R_e = 2.4433(1) Å, and for the X²Σ⁺ state, R_e = 2.4883(2) Å and γ_e = 4.59(2) × 10⁻³ cm⁻¹. The interaction between the X²Σ⁺ and A²Π states has been investigated and is shown to be the main contributor to the spin–rotation splitting in the ground state.     

The emission spectrum of 13C16O2 near 4.5 μm

The emission spectrum of ¹³C¹⁶O₂ near 4.5 μm, the ν₃ transition region, was measured in high resolution. The sequence 00v₃ → 00(v₃ ? 1) was measured to v₃ = 9, 01¹v₃ → 01¹(v₃ ? 1) to v₃ = 6, and 02²v₃ → 00²(v₃ ? 1) to v₃ = 3. Several bands involving Fermi resonant Σ state were also observed. The data were analyzed and spectroscopic constants were determined for all bands identified.