Novel stilbene‐based Fischer base analog of leuco‐TAM – (2E,2′Z)‐{2‐(4‐(E)‐styrylphenyl)propane‐1,3‐diylidene}bis(1,3,3‐trimethylindoline) – derivatives: synthesis and structural consideration by 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy

We report the synthesis of a series of novel stilbene‐based (St) Fischer base analogs of leuco‐triarylmethane (LTAM) dyes by treating Fischer base with (E)‐4‐styrylbenzaldehyde derivatives. All St‐LTAM molecules examined herein are characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. They were found to exhibit ZE configuration and isomerize to their diastereomers EE and ZZ in 2–3 h. They exhibit type I behavior of diastereomeric isomerization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Irregular Shearlet Frames: Geometry and?Approximation Properties

Recently, shearlet systems were introduced as a means to derive efficient encoding methodologies for anisotropic features in 2-dimensional data with a unified treatment of the continuum and digital setting. However, only very few construction strategies for discrete shearlet systems are known so far.     

Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction of ZnSe shells for ZnO nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells

Thin ZnSe layers were deposited on ZnO nanowires by a novel successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technique in order to solve recombination problems in ZnO nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Cell efficiency increased from 0.1 to 1.3–1.4% with the deposition of a 9- to13-nm-thick ZnSe shell on ZnO nanowires due to a large increase in J_SC. The dramatic increase in J_SC and cell efficiency is due to the facilitation of electron transfer related to ambipolar diffusion by the formation of a type II band alignment and the suppression of recombination in the presence of the ZnSe shell.     

Impact of Milling on Rice Constituents (Oryza Sativa L.): A Metabolomic Approach

Milling is an influential factor that affects the nutritional components in rice. However, the alteration of rice constituents by milling has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, rice with various degrees of milling was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis were performed to characterize the nutritional components that have significant changes during milling. The concentrations of sugars and sugar alcohols decreased while the phospholipids increased in accordance with the milling degree. These results provide a contrast to the common idea that brown rice is nutritionally superior to white rice. In conclusion, the knowledge of nutritional alterations related to milling may benefit rice production and consumption.     

Herbal Composition LI73014F2 Alleviates Articular Cartilage Damage and Inflammatory Response in Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

The aim of this study was to determine the anti-osteoarthritic effects of LI73014F2, which consists of Terminalia chebula fruit, Curcuma longa rhizome, and Boswellia serrata gum resin in a 2:1:2 ratio, in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. LI73014F2 was orally administered once per day for three weeks. Weight-bearing distribution and arthritis index (AI) were measured once per week to confirm the OA symptoms. Synovial membrane, proteoglycan layer, and cartilage damage were investigated by histological examination, while synovial fluid interleukin-1β level was analyzed using a commercial kit. Levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the cartilage tissues were investigated to confirm the anti-osteoarthritic effects of LI73014F2. LI73014F2 significantly inhibited the MIA-induced increase in OA symptoms, synovial fluid cytokine, cartilage damage, and expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and MMPs in the articular cartilage. These results suggest that LI73014F2 exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects by regulating inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in MIA-induced OA rats.     

On commensurator growth

We study a new asymptotic invariant of a pair consisting of a group and a subgroup, which we call the commensurator growth. We compute the commensurator growth for several examples, concentrating mainly on the case of a locally compact topological group and a lattice inside it.