Polyélectrolytes amphipathiques en milieu organique I. Propriétés thermodynamiques et structurales des échangeurs d'ions liquides

Resume Un polyélectrolyte dérivé de la poly (4 vinylpyridine) a été utilisé comme échangeur d'ions liquide pour des anions mono-et-divalents entre une phase aqueuse et l'octanol normal. Le polysavon sous forme sel de pyridinium est soluble dans l'octanol et la solution organique en contact avec une phase aqueuse contenant un mélange d'électrolytes possède des propriétés échangeuses d'ions. La sélectivité de l'échangeur vis à vis d'anions de nature différente est interprétée en fonction de la polarisabilité des anions. On a déterminé l'indice viscosimétrique des solutions organiques en fonction de la composition ionique du polymère et on a établi un parallèle entre les dimensions du polymère et l'affinité des ions pour les sites pyridinium compte-tenu de la faible constante diélectrique du milieu. Les variations de la viscosité en fonction de la composition sont interprétées à partir de la théorie de Flory transposée aux copolymères statistiques.

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Summary A polymer obtained by quaternizing poly (4-vinylpyridine) with N-octadecyl bromide was used in developing liquid ion-exchange of mono- and divalent anions between water and 1-octanol phases. The polymer has a high solubility in 1-octanol and the organic polymeric solution in contact with aqueous phase containing a mixture of simple electrolytes behave similary to an anion exchange resin with selective properties. The mechanism by which selective association of anions on the polymeric pyridinium sites occurs is discussed from the data concerning the polarisability of anions. The conformational properties of the polymeric chain was determined from viscosity measurements. It is shown that the trend in chain dimensions parallels the affinity of the anions to bind on polymeric pyridinium sites in the low dielectric medium. The chain dimensions as a function of the ionic composition are discussed on the basis of a simple theoretical model in analogy with the behaviour of statistical copolymers.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Lösung von Poly(-4-vinylpyridinium)salz in Octanol wurde als flüssiger Anionenaustauscher zwischen einer wässerigen Lösung und Octanol gebraucht. Diese organische Lösung in Berührung mit einer wässerigen Electrolytmischung behält die Eigenschaften der Ionenaustauscher. Die Selektivität des Austauschers für verschiedene Anionen wird durch die Polarisabilität der Ionen erklärt. Die Konformation der Polymeren wurde durch Viskositätsmessungen bestimmt und mit der verschiedenen Ionenaffinität in Vergleich gestellt. Die Dimensionsveränderungen der Polymeren während des Ionenaustausches wurden durch ein einfaches Modell erklärt, analog dem der statistischen Copolymeren.

     

Lifetimes of Hg(3P0) complexes with methanol,ammonia, and water

Lifetimes of Hg(³P₀) complexes were determined by simultaneous observation of Hg(³P₀) optical absorption and complex emission, using a modulation technique and phase sensitive detection. The lifetimes of the mercury complexes with methanol, (1.4 ± 0.7) × 10^-8 s, and water, ? 8 × 10^-8 s, were found to be much shorter than reported in earlier work. For the ammonia complex, however a lifetime was measured which is in good agreement with previous determinations. Reasons for the large errors in earlier work where the methanol and water complex lifetimes were determined from complex emission data alone are discussed, and these data are reinterpreted. In the reaction rate of Hg(³P₀) with methanol no detectable contribution from the termolecular process Hg(³P₀) + 2CH₃OH → (Hg·CH₃OH)^* + CH₃OH could be observed.     

New sesquiterpenoids from the sponge axinella cannabina

The structures of three sesquiterpenoids, axisothiocyanate-2(4), axamide-1(5) and axamide-2(6), present in the marine sponge Axinella cannabina, have been determined on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences.     

A climatology of solar erythema dose

Abstract —Semi-empirical formulas for the ultraviolet erythema dose derived in an earlier paper are used to deduce an ultraviolet photoclimatology. We calculate the climatology of daily erythema radiation doses for the northern hemisphere at 5d? latitude intervals. Similar dose calculations are also performed specifically for ten metropolitan areas. Effects of seasonal and geographic variations of ozone, turbidity, and cloudiness on the local erythema doses are also investigated. We present a simple approximate analytic formula for the annual erythema dose as a function of latitude, cloud cover, and ground albedo for use in connection with studies of the epidemiology of skin cancer. The implications of possible ozone depletion due to a future fleet of supersonic aircraft in the stratosphere are discussed. These calculations are made for a normal ozone thickness of 0.32 cm and for a 5, 10, 20, and 50 per cent ozone reduction.     

The preparation of hot-pressed chalcogenide spinels. II. Stoichiometry and optical transparency in CdCr2S4 and CoCr2S4

The compounds CdCr₂S₄ and CoCr₂S₄ have been hot pressed into disks that are highly transparent in the infrared. Stoichiometry has been altered by varying the $\text{Cr}{}^{\mathrm{3+}}\text{M}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$ ratio, where M²⁺ is Cd²⁺ or Co²⁺. The effects of nonstoichiometry on optical transmission were determined. Excess M²⁺ attenuates the transmission much more than excess Cr³⁺.     

Phenolic resins for solid-phase peptide synthesis: Copolymerization of styrene and p-acetoxystyrene

Details are given of the synthesis and purification of p-acetoxystyrene and its solution and suspension copolymerization with styrene. Reactivity ratios, evaluated by the Tidwell-Mortimer method, were r₁ (p-acetoxystyrene) = 1.18, and r₂ (styrene) = 0.88 for (bulk) solution copolymerization. Corresponding values of the reactivity ratios for suspension copolymerization were, within experimental error, indistinguishable from unity. Thus the copolymer composition is governed simply by the monomer feed composition. Use of a specially designed reactor vessel permits convenient suspension copolymerization of styrene, p-acetoxystyrene, and divinylbenzene to give crosslinked resins having comparatively narrow particle size distributions. Acetoxy groups in the crosslinked resin are cleaved by hydrazine hydrate under very mild conditions to give crosslinked polystyrenes having phenolic groups which, in turn, provide a useful alternative to the more usual chloromethylated polystyrene resins for solid-phase peptide synthesis.     

Der Einfluß von Vanadin und Niob auf feste Subcarbidlösungen in den Systemen Tantal-Wolfram-Kohlenstoff und Tantal-Molybdän-Kohlenstoff

Zusammenfassung Röntgenbeugungsfilme von Pulveraufnahmen wärmebehandelter Proben wurden zur Untersuchung der Phasengleichgewichte der pseudo-ternären Subcarbidsysteme Ta₂C–Mo₂C(W₂C)–V₂C(Nb₂C) bei 1650° und 2000°C herangezogen. Es werden in jedem System die Zusammensetzungs-bereiche festgestellt, in denen die bekannte Disproportionierungsreaktion zu erwarten ist. Es ist dies ein erster Schritt, um zu ermöglichen, diese Legierungen zur Herstellung von Schneide-werkzeugen heranzuziehen. In allen Systemen bilden die Subcarbidphasen ausgedehnte Einphasenbereiche. In den Nb₂C enthaltenden Systemen gibt es Legierungen mit engen Zusammensetzungsbereichen, die möglicherweise als Legierungen für die Erzeugung von Schneidewerkzeugen herangezogen werden können.

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The effect of vanadium and niobium on the subcarbide solid solution in the tantalum-tungsten-carbon and tantalum-molybdenum-carbon systems

The phase equilibria of the pseudo-ternary subcarbide systems Ta₂C–Mo₂C(W₂C)–V₂C(Nb₂C) at 1650 and 2000°C have been investigated using X-ray powder diffraction films of heat treated samples. The compositional regions in each system where the known disproportionation reaction is expected to occur have been defined as an initial step towards the utilization of these alloys for cutting tools. The subcarbide phases form extended single phase regions in all systems. Alloys from small compositional regions in those systems containing Nb₂C are possible candidates for preliminary cutting tool alloy evaluation.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen

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Herrn Prof.H. Nowotny gewidmet.     

The light-induced conversion of triphenylamine to the excited triplet state of 11,12-dihydrocarbazole

A new transient in the photocyclization reaction of diphenylamines to carbazoles has been detected. It absorbs at 430 nm and is assigned to the excited triplet state of the intermediate photoproduct 11,12-dihydrocarbazole.     

Triazine chemistry VIII. 2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazines

2,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine and some of its alkylated derivatives have been prepared. Nmr spectroscopic analysis has established that the 2,5-dihydro-5-oxo tautomers are preferred over the 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo ones. This preference, and the behavior of 1,2,4-triazines in some other chemical reactions has been interpreted in terms of electron-electron repulsions between the lone pairs of electrons of N₁ and N₂ in this ring system.     

Untersuchungen zur Temperaturabhängigkeit charakteristischer IR-Absorptionen, 9. Mitt.: Zur Tautomerie des “o-Hydroxymandelsäurelactons”

Zusammenfassung Die Abhängigkeit der Struktur des o-Hydroxymandelsäurelactons von Lösungsmittel und Temperatur wird mit Hilfe IR- und NMR-spektroskopischer Methoden nachgewiesen.

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The temperature and solvent dependence of the structures of 2-hydroxymandelic acid lactone and dioxindole have been shown by IR and NMR spectroscopy.