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排序方式: 共有278条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
62.
Sarah Jane Mear Tobias Lucas Grace P. Ahlqvist Dr. Juliana M. S. Robey Dr. Jule-Philipp Dietz Dr. Pankaj V. Khairnar Dr. Sanjay Maity Corshai L. Williams Dr. David R. Snead Dr. Ryan C. Nelson Prof. Till Opatz Prof. Timothy F. Jamison 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(47):e202201311
Bedaquiline is a crucial medicine in the global fight against tuberculosis, yet its high price places it out of reach for many patients. Herein, we describe improvements to the key industrial lithiation-addition sequence that enable a higher yielding and therefore more economical synthesis of bedaquiline. Prioritization of mechanistic understanding and multi-lab reproducibility led to optimized reaction conditions that feature an unusual base-salt pairing and afford a doubling of the yield of racemic bedaquiline. We anticipate that implementation of these improvements on manufacturing scale will be facile, thereby substantially increasing the accessibility of this essential medication. 相似文献
63.
Helmut Harbrecht Michael Peters Markus Siebenmorgen 《Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications》2015,22(4):596-617
This article is dedicated to the rapid computation of separable expansions for the approximation of random fields. We consider approaches based on techniques from the approximation of non‐local operators on the one hand and based on the pivoted Cholesky decomposition on the other hand. Especially, we provide an a posteriori error estimate for the pivoted Cholesky decomposition in terms of the trace. Numerical examples are provided to validate and quantify the presented methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
64.
Recent technologies for typing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a population are producing genome-wide genotype data for tens of thousands of SNP sites. The emergence of such large data sets underscores the importance of algorithms for large-scale haplotyping. Common haplotyping approaches first partition the SNPs into blocks of high linkage-disequilibrium, and then infer haplotypes for each block separately. We investigate an integrated haplotyping approach where a partition of the SNPs into a minimum number of non-contiguous subsets is sought, such that each subset can be haplotyped under the perfect phylogeny model. We show that finding an optimum partition is -hard even if we are guaranteed that two subsets suffice. On the positive side, we show that a variant of the problem, in which each subset is required to admit a perfect path phylogeny haplotyping, is solvable in polynomial time. 相似文献
65.
What is a Logic Translation? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We study logic translations from an abstract perspective, without any commitment to the structure of sentences and the nature
of logical entailment, which also means that we cover both proof- theoretic and model-theoretic entailment. We show how logic
translations induce notions of logical expressiveness, consistency strength and sublogic, leading to an explanation of paradoxes
that have been described in the literature. Connectives and quantifiers, although not present in the definition of logic and
logic translation, can be recovered by their abstract properties and are preserved and reflected by translations under suitable
conditions.
In memoriam Joseph Goguen 相似文献
66.
Amy F Chan CK Zhao W Hyung J Ono M Sueyoshi T Kera S Nesher G Salomon A Segev L Seitz O Shpaisman H Schöll A Haeming M Böcking T Cahen D Kronik L Ueno N Umbach E Kahn A 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2006,110(43):21826-21832
Monolayers of alkyl chains, attached through direct Si-C bonds to Si(111), via phosphonates to GaAs(100) surfaces, or deposited as alkyl-silane monolayers on SiO2, are investigated by ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from a He discharge lamp, or to a beam of energetic electrons, leads to significant damage, presumably associated with radiation- or electron-induced H-abstraction leading to carbon-carbon double-bond formation in the alkyl monolayer. The damage results in an overall distortion of the valence spectrum, in the appearance of (occupied) states above the highest occupied molecular orbital of the alkyl molecule, and in a characteristic (unoccupied state) pi resonance at the edge of the carbon absorption peak. These distortions present a serious challenge for the interpretation of the electronic structure of the monolayer system. We show that extrapolation to zero damage at short exposure times eliminates extrinsic features and allows a meaningful extraction of the density of state of the pristine monolayer from spectroscopy measurements. 相似文献
67.
Alpha-Aminonitriles derived from 2-aminocinnamic acid esters and amides can be cyclized under basic conditions to furnish substituted indole-3-acetic acid derivatives in quantitative yield. The reaction provides a simple access to a class of biologically active compounds. 相似文献
68.
This paper addresses questions of universality related to ontological engineering, namely aims at substantiating (negative) answers to the following three basic questions: (i) Is there a ‘universal ontology’?, (ii) Is there a ‘universal formal ontology language’?, and (iii) Is there a universally applicable ‘mode of reasoning’ for formal ontologies? To support our answers in a principled way, we present a general framework for the design of formal ontologies resting on two main principles: firstly, we endorse Rudolf Carnap’s principle of logical tolerance by giving central stage to the concept of logical heterogeneity, i.e. the use of a plurality of logical languages within one ontology design. Secondly, to structure and combine heterogeneous ontologies in a semantically well-founded way, we base our work on abstract model theory in the form of institutional semantics, as forcefully put forward by Joseph Goguen and Rod Burstall. In particular, we employ the structuring mechanisms of the heterogeneous algebraic specification language HetCasl for defining a general concept of heterogeneous, distributed, highly modular and structured ontologies, called hyperontologies. Moreover, we distinguish, on a structural and semantic level, several different kinds of combining and aligning heterogeneous ontologies, namely integration, connection, and refinement. We show how the notion of heterogeneous refinement can be used to provide both a general notion of sub-ontology as well as a notion of heterogeneous equivalence of ontologies, and finally sketch how different modes of reasoning over ontologies are related to these different structuring aspects. 相似文献
69.
Aggregation and Contingent Metal/Surface Reactivity of 1,3,8,10‐Tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) on Cu(111)
Manfred Matena Meike Stöhr Dr. Till Riehm Dr. Jonas Björk Susanne Martens Matthew S. Dyer Dr. Mats Persson Prof. Jorge Lobo‐Checa Dr. Kathrin Müller Dr. Mihaela Enache Hubert Wadepohl Prof. Jörg Zegenhagen Dr. Thomas A. Jung Dr. Lutz H. Gade Prof. Dr. 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2010,16(7):2079-2091