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141.
142.
This work features an analysis for the acceleration technique DIIS that is standardly used in most of the important quantum
chemistry codes, e.g. in DFT and Hartree–Fock calculations and in the Coupled Cluster method. Taking up results from Harrison
(J Comput Chem 25:328, 2003), we show that for the general nonlinear case, DIIS corresponds to a projected quasi-Newton/secant method. For linear systems,
we establish connections to the well-known GMRES solver and transfer according (positive as well as negative) convergence
results to DIIS. In particular, we discuss the circumstances under which DIIS exhibits superlinear convergence behaviour.
For the general nonlinear case, we then use these results to show that a DIIS step can be interpreted as step of a quasi-Newton
method in which the Jacobian used in the Newton step is approximated by finite differences and in which the according linear
system is solved by a GMRES procedure, and give according convergence estimates. 相似文献
143.
144.
Schober Y Schramm T Spengler B Römpp A 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2011,25(17):2475-2483
The spatial distribution of proteins in tissue sections can be used to identify potential markers for pathological processes. Tissue sections are often subjected to enzymatic digestion before matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging. This study is targeted at improving the on‐tissue identification of tryptic peptides by accurate mass measurements and complementary off‐line liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) analysis. Two adjacent mouse brain sections were analyzed in parallel. The first section was spotted with trypsin and analyzed by MALDI imaging. Direct on‐tissue MS/MS experiments of this section resulted in the identification of 14 peptides (originating from 4 proteins). The second tissue section was homogenized, fractionated by ultracentrifugation and digested with trypsin prior to LC/ESI‐MS/MS analysis. The number of identified peptides was increased to 153 (corresponding to 106 proteins) by matching imaged mass peaks to peptides which were identified in these LC/ESI‐MS/MS experiments. All results (including MALDI imaging data) were based on accurate mass measurements (RMS <2 ppm) and allow a confident identification of tryptic peptides. Measurements based on lower accuracy would have led to ambiguous or misleading results. MS images of identified peptides were generated with a bin width (mass range used for image generation) of Δm/z = 0.01. The application of accurate mass measurements and additional LC/MS measurements increased both the quality and the number of peptide identifications. The advantages of this approach for the analysis of biological tissue sections are demonstrated and discussed in detail. Results indicate that accurate mass measurements are needed for confident identification and specific image generation of tryptic peptides in tissue sections. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
2,2′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) was employed as chiral ligand in the enantioselective intermolecular Mizoroki–Heck reaction, whereas the use of cognate BINAP(O) (monooxidized BINAP) is unprecedented. The regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the arylation of representative cyclic alkenes changes dramatically in the presence of hemilabile BINAP(O) instead of BINAP. The arylation of 2,3‐dihydrofuran is perfectly regiodivergent (98:2 versus 0:100) and the arylation of cyclopentene is only enantioselective with BINAP(O) [60 versus 10 % enantiomeric excess (ee)]. Use of [Pd2(dba)3] ? dba (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) instead of Pd(OAc)2 produces as high as 86 % ee in the arylation of cyclopentene. 相似文献
146.
Todea AM Szakács J Konar S Bögge H Crans DC Glaser T Rousselière H Thouvenot R Gouzerh P Müller A 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2011,17(24):6635-6642
The present study refers to a variety of reduced metal-oxide core-shell hybrids, which are unique with regard to their electronic structure, their geometry, and their formation. They contain spherical {Mo72Fe30} Keplerate-type shells encapsulating Keggin-type polyoxomolybdates based on very weak interactions. Studies on the encapsulation of molybdosilicate as well as on the earlier reported molybdophosphate, coupled with the use of several physical methods for the characterization led to unprecedented results (see title). Upon standing in air at room temperature, acidified aqueous solutions obtained by dissolving sodium molybdate, iron(II) chloride, acetic acid, and molybdosilicic acid led to the precipitation of monoclinic greenish crystals (1). A rhombohedral variant (2) has also been observed. Upon drying at room temperature, compound 3 with a layer structure was obtained from 1 in a solid-state reaction based on cross-linking of the shells. The compounds 1, 2, and 3 have been characterized by a combination of methods including single-crystal X-ray crystallography, magnetic studies, as well as IR, M?ssbauer, (resonance) Raman, and electronic absorption spectroscopy. In connection with detailed studies of the guest-free two-electron-reduced {Mo72Fe30}-type Keplerate (4) and of the previously reported molybdophosphate-based hybrids (including 31P NMR spectroscopy results), it is unambiguously proved that 1, 2, and 3 contain non-reduced Keggin ion cores and reduced {Mo72Fe30}-type shells. The results are discussed in terms of redox considerations (the shell as well as the core can be reduced) including those related to the reduction of "molybdates" by FeII being of interdisciplinary including catalytic interest (the MoVI/MoV and FeIII/FeII couples have very close redox potentials!), while also referring to the special formation of the hybrids based on chemical Darwinism. 相似文献
147.
This work experimentally verifies and proves the two long since postulated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)
analyte protonation pathways known as the Lucky Survivor and the gas phase protonation model. Experimental differentiation
between the predicted mechanisms becomes possible by the use of deuterated matrix esters as MALDI matrices, which are stable
under typical sample preparation conditions and generate deuteronated reagent ions, including the deuterated and deuteronated
free matrix acid, only upon laser irradiation in the MALDI process. While the generation of deuteronated analyte ions proves
the gas phase protonation model, the detection of protonated analytes by application of deuterated matrix compounds without
acidic hydrogens proves the survival of analytes precharged from solution in accordance with the predictions from the Lucky
Survivor model. The observed ratio of the two analyte ionization processes depends on the applied experimental parameters
as well as the nature of analyte and matrix. Increasing laser fluences and lower matrix proton affinities favor gas phase
protonation, whereas more quantitative analyte protonation in solution and intramolecular ion stabilization leads to more
Lucky Survivors. The presented results allow for a deeper understanding of the fundamental processes causing analyte ionization
in MALDI and may alleviate future efforts for increasing the analyte ion yield. 相似文献
148.
Kersten H Derpmann V Barnes I Brockmann KJ O'Brien R Benter T 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2011,22(11):2070-2081
We report on the development of a novel atmospheric pressure photoionization setup and its applicability for in situ degradation
product studies of atmospherically relevant compounds. A custom miniature spark discharge lamp was embedded into an ion transfer
capillary, which separates the atmospheric pressure from the low pressure region in the first differential pumping stage of
a conventional atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. The lamp operates with a continuous argon flow and produces
intense light emissions in the VUV. The custom lamp is operated windowless and efficiently illuminates the sample flow through
the transfer capillary on an area smaller than 1 mm2. Limits of detection in the lower ppbV range, a temporal resolution of milliseconds in the positive as well as the quasi
simultaneously operating negative ion mode, and a significant reduction of ion transformation processes render this system
applicable to real time studies of rapidly changing chemical systems. The method termed capillary atmospheric pressure photo
ionization (cAPPI) is characterized with respect to the lamp emission properties as a function of the operating conditions,
temporal response, and its applicability for in situ degradation product studies of atmospherically relevant compounds, respectively. 相似文献
149.
Six 4-substituted quinolones 6-8, which bear an ω-iodoalkyl chain, were prepared and subjected to reductive radical cyclisation conditions employing BEt(3)/O(2) as the initiator and either Bu(3)SnH or TMS(3)SiH as hydride source. 4-(4-Iodobutyl)-quinolone (6a) and 4-(3-iodopropylthio)-quinolone (8a) gave the respective 6-endo-cyclisation products in good yields. 4-(3,3-Dimethyl-4-iodobutyl)-quinolone (6b) cyclised in a 5-exo-fashion, while the other substrates delivered only reduction products. The cyclisation reactions could be conducted in the presence of a chiral template (1) with high enantiomeric excess (94-99% ee). The association behaviour of substrate 6a to 1 was studied by NMR titration experiments. In the enantioselective cyclisation of 6b a significant nonlinearity was observed when comparing the product ee with the ee of the template. 相似文献
150.
Fuchs SW Proschak A Jaskolla TW Karas M Bode HB 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2011,9(9):3130-3132
Thirteen novel PAX (peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus) peptides were identified in Xenorhabdus nematophila HGB081. Their structures including the absolute configuration were elucidated using a combination of labeling experiments, detailed MS/MS experiments, the advanced Marfey's method, and a detailed analysis of the biosynthesis gene cluster, which was identified as well. 相似文献