Theoretical study on the group 2 atoms + N2O reactions

The electronic structure aspects of the M (1S,3P) + N2O(X 1sigma+) (M = Be, Mg, Ca) reactions are investigated using the CASSCF/MRMP2 (complete active space SCF and the multireference M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory of the second order) computational methodology. The lowest adiabatic 1 1A' and 1 3A' potential energy surfaces (PESs) favor the bending dissociation mechanism of N2O in all studied cases. The rate-limiting channels are determined by the classical barriers that decrease in the series Be (8.9) > Mg (7.0) > Ca (1.2) kcal/mol, whereas the spin-forbidden reaction channels are found to be less important. A comparison with elaborated kinetic results (Plane et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 5255; Gas-Phase Metal Reactions; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1992; Vinckier et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 5328) on the Ca (1S) + N2O(X 1sigma+) reaction is presented, and the differences in the kinetic behavior of the title reactions are discussed. Our results also indicate that the techniques based on the multiconfigurational wave functions are unavoidable if a correct topology of the PESs governing these reactions is needed.     

Structural,electronic, and optical properties of some new dithienosilole derivatives

Structural Chemistry - Structural, electronic, and optical properties of a series of organic semiconductors based on dithienosilole (DTS) and its derivatives were theoretically studied using...     

Time growing comparison for ZnO nanorod by using microwave irradiation method

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod were successfully prepared at different growth times (15, 30 and 60 min) using the microwave irradiation method. The ZnO nanorods were simply synthesized at a low temperature (90 °C) with low power microwave assisted heating (about 100 W) and a subsequent ageing process. The synthesized nanorod were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The FESEM images showed nanorods with diameter ranging between 50 and 150 nm, and length of 150–550 nm. The XRD results indicate that ZnO nanorods of different time of growth exhibits pure wurtzite structure with lattice parameters of 3.2568 and 5.2125 Å. UV–Vis characterization showed that energy gap decreases with increase in time. The result also shows that growth of ZnO at 60 min produces an energy band gap of 3.15 eV. In general, the results of the study confirm that the microwave irradiation method is a promising low temperature, cheap and fast method for the production of ZnO nanostructures.     

Unimolecular chemistry of metastable dimethyl isophthalate radical cations

The MS/MS spectrum of the metastable molecular ions of dimethyl isophthalate 1 differs from that of the isomeric dimethyl terephthalate 2 by the observation of, inter alia, a quite intense loss of C,H₂,O ascribed to formaldehyde. Results obtained using a combination of mass spectrometry techniques suggest that this process could consist of an isomerization reaction of the molecular ion into an ion–neutral complex (INC) linking a benzoyl radical and neutral formaldehyde to a proton [ArCOHOCH₂]⁺. Within the complex, a proton transfer catalyzed by formaldehyde occurs resulting in the production of an ionized cyclohexadienylidene methanone (ketene) structure.     

Experimental and theoretical study of the reaction of the ethynyl radical with nitrous oxide, C2H + N2O

We investigated the rate constants and reaction mechanism of the gas phase reaction between the ethynyl radical and nitrous oxide (C(2)H + N(2)O) using both experimental methods and electronic structure calculations. A pulsed-laser photolysis/chemiluminescence technique was used to determine the absolute rate coefficient over the temperature range 570 K to 836 K. In this experimental temperature range, the measured temperature dependence of the overall rate constants can be expressed as: k(T) (C(2)H + N(2)O) = 2.93 × 10(-11) exp((-4000 ± 1100) K/T) cm(3) s(-1) (95% statistical confidence). Portions of the C(2)H + N(2)O potential energy surface (PES), containing low-energy pathways, were constructed using the composite G3B3 method. A multi-step reaction route leading to the products HCCO + N(2) is clearly preferred. The high selectivity between product channels favouring N(2) formation occurs very early. The pathway corresponds to the addition of the terminal C atom of C(2)H to the terminal N atom of N(2)O. Refined calculations using the coupled-cluster theory whose electronic energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit CCSD(T)/CBS led to an energy barrier of 6.0 kcal mol(-1) for the entrance channel. The overall rate constant was also determined by application of transition-state theory and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) statistical analyses to the PES. The computed rate constants have similar temperature dependence to the experimental values, though were somewhat lower.     

Electronic structure of 1,3,5-triaminobenzene trication and related triradicals: doublet versus quartet ground state

Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to determine the electronic ground state of the parent 1,3,5-triaminobenzene trication triradical (TAB3+,C6H9N3 3+) containing a six-membered benzene ring coupled with three exocyclic amino NH(*+)2 groups, each containing an unpaired electron, as the simplest model for high-spin polyarylamine polycations. Related triradicals, including the 1,3,5-trimethylenebenzene (TMB, C9H9) and its nitrogen derivatives such as the monocation C8H9N+, the dication C7H9N2 2+, and the neutral C8H8N, C7H7N2, and C6H6N3 systems containing NH groups, have also been considered. Results obtained using the CASSCF [multiconfigurational complete active space (SCF--self-consistent field)] method, with active spaces ranging from (9e/9o) to (15e/12o), followed by second-order perturbation theory [CASPT2 and MS-CASPT2 (MS--multistate)] with polarized 6-311G(d,p) and natural orbital (ANO-L) basis sets reveal the following: (i) both TAB3+ and TMB (D3h) have a quartet 4A"1 ground state with doublet-quartet 2B1-4A"1 energy gaps of 8.0+/-2.0 and 12.4+/-2.0 kcal/mol, respectively; (ii) in the neutral N series, the quartet state remains the electronic ground state, irrespective of the number of N atoms, but each with slightly reduced gap, 11 kcal/mol for C8H8N (4A"), 10 kcal/mol for C7H7N2 (4A2), and 9 kcal/mol for C6H6N3 (4A2); and (iii) the ground state of monoamino cation and diamino dication is a low-spin doublet state (2B1 for C8H9N+ and 2A2 for C7H9N2 2+) and lying well below the corresponding quartet state by 10 and 12 kcal/mol, respectively. In the monocationic and dicationic amino systems, a slight preference is found for the low-spin state, apparently violating Hund's rule. This effect is due to the splitting of the orbital energies and the presence of the positive charge whose delocalization strongly modifies the electronic distribution and some structural features. In the latter cations, the positive charge basically pushes unpaired electrons onto the ring forming a kind of distonic radical cations and thus gives a preference for a low-spin state.     

A model study on the mechanism and kinetics for the dissociation of water anion

Quantum chemical computations using both density functional theory (B3LYP functional) and wavefunction (MP2 and CCSD(T)) methods, with the 6-311++G(3df,2p) and aug-cc-pVnZ (n = D,T,Q) basis sets, in conjunction with a polarizable continuum model (PCM) method for treating structures in solution, were carried out to look again at a series of small negatively charged water species [(H₂O)_n]^•–. For each size n of [(H₂O)_n]^•– in aqueous solution with n = 2, 3, and 4, two distinct structural motifs can be identified: a classical water radical anion formed by hydrogen bonds and a molecular pincer in which the excess electron is directly interacting with H atoms. In aqueous solution, both motifs have comparable energy content and likely coexist and compete for the ground state. Some water anion isomers can dissociate when interaction with a water molecule, [(H₂O)_n]^•– + H₂O → H^•(H₂O)_m + OH^–(H₂O)_n–m, through successive hydrogen transfers with moderate energy barriers. This reaction can also be regarded as a water-splitting process in which the H transfers involved take place mainly within a water trimer, whereas other water molecules tend to stabilize transition structures through microsolvation rather than direct participation. Calculated absolute rate constants for the reversed reaction H^•(H₂O)₂ + OH^–(H₂O)₂ → [(H₂O)₄]^•־ + H₂O with both H and D isotopes agree well with the experimentally evaluated counterpart and lend a kinetic support for the involvement of a tetramer unit.