Photocrosslinking of functionalized rubber. II. Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxidized liquid natural rubber

Low molecular weight epoxidized natural rubber has been crosslinked within seconds by UV irradiation in the presence of a triarylsulfonium salt. The photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerization was studied quantitatively by infrared spectroscopy and shown to proceed with surprisingly long kinetic chains in such solid medium. The high conversion (60%) needed for complete insolubilization, together with the presence of tetrahydrofuran structures, argue in favor of an intramolecular polymerization process involving neighboring epoxy groups. The photoinitiator concentration has a strong influence on the rate and extent of the reaction, as well as on the depth of cure profile. Because of an efficient dark process, close to 100% conversion was reached upon storage of the irradiated elastomer at ambient, with a concomitant increase of the gel fraction and the polymer hardness. The grafting of pendent acrylate groups onto the polymer chain leads to a three-fold decrease of the initial rate of polymerization of the epoxide. The photocuring of natural rubber bearing both epoxy and acrylate groups generates a dual polymer network which combines the properties of the two moieties. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On line ion exchange separation of short-lived Zr, Hf, Mo, Ta and W isotopes as homologs of transactinide elements

The short-lived isotopes of W and their descendants have been separated from nuclear reaction products arising in the bombardment of samarium target with²⁴Mg ions at the U-400 cyclotron of JINR-Dubna. Chemical separations were performed using previously elaborated fast and continuous ion exchange. In similar way products of²³⁵U fission, obtained at the microtron MT-25 during irradiation of²³⁵U target with photoneutrons were separated.     

烯烃羰化—步制醇铑系催化新体系的研究

羰基铑催化剂由于其加氢性能较弱，在羰基化反应的研究中，通常仅作为烯烃氢甲酰化制醛的催化剂。产物中得不到醇。本文则报道了以Ｒｈ＿２（ＡｃＯ）＿４和Ｒｈ＿６（ＣＯ）＿１６为催化剂，在一个反应器内进行烯烃氢甲酰化，加氢制醇的研究。系统考察了Ｒｈ／Ｐｂｕ＿３／ＥｔＯＨ催化体系受各种反应条件的影响。在最佳反应条件下，烯烃转化率达１００％。对醇选择性亦在９９．５％以上，正异构比在２以上．为烯烃一步制醇建立了铑系催化新体系。文中并利用红外光谱测定了反应过程的催化剂物种．实验证明，由烯烃一步制醇是由烯烃首先进行氢甲酰化反应，然后由生成的醛进一步加氢成醇的一个串联反应过程。前一步骤反应速度较快，２ｈ内可使９５％以上的烯烃转化为醛，后面由醛加氢成醇则进行缓慢，在１００—１２０℃下，至少２２ｈ，才能使醛全部转化为醇。     

Enantioseparation of Amino Acid Derivatives with a Cellulose-Based Chiral Stationary Phase

Five structurally related amino acid derivatives were enantioseparated by HPLC with a commercially available chiral stationary phase, Chiralcel OD-H. The chromatographic experiments were performed in the normal phase mode. n-Hexane/polar alcohol was used as mobile phase. Excellent baseline enantioseparations could be obtained for all these solutes. The effects of the concentration of polar alcohol and the column temperature on the retentions and enantioseparations were studied in detail. From the van't Hoff plots the corresponding apparent thermodynamic parameters were derived. Mechanism aspects of chiral recognition were discussed based on the relationship between the thermodynamic parameters and the structures of the solutes. It was found that the substituent of the phenyl group on the residual group of the amino acid derivatives was close relevant to thermodynamic origin of enantioseparation. Much better enthalpy–entropy compensation effect was obtained by plotting the differential, rather than the original, thermodynamic parameters.     

Effect of diffusion on rates and molecular weights in graft polymerization

A theoretical analysis has been made of the graft polymerization process in terms of the quantitative interrelationship between the initiation rate R_i, the k_p/k_t^1/ ratio of the monomer, the equilibrium solubility M of the monomer in the polymer, the polymer film thickness L, and the diffusivity D of the monomer in the polymer. It is shown how the values of these parameters in any grafting system interact to lead to diffusion-controlled graft polymerization. Whether graft polymerization is diffusion-free or diffusion-controlled depends on the values of K_p, d, k_p/k_p^1/2, and L as gathered in the parameter A = [(K_p/k_t^1/2)R_i, D,/^1/2] L/2. When the values of the various terms are such that A is less than 0.1 (i.e., D is large while R_i, k_p, and L are small), the reaction is diffusion-free. When A is greater than 3 (i.e., D is small while R_i, k_p, and L are large), the reaction is diffusion-controlled. The derived equations showing the relationship between kinetic and diffusional parameters are theoretically applicable to all grafting systems, i.e., for all monomer-polymer combinations under all conditions of reaction temperature, radiation intensity and polymer film thickness. The theoretical analysis has been verified for the rate and degree of polymerization for the radiation-induced graft polymerization of styrene to polyethylene.     

Enantioseparation of amino acid derivatives on an immobilized network polymer derived from L-tartaric acid

Seven structurally related amino acid derivatives were successfully enantioseparated by HPLC with a commercially available column containing a chiral immobilized network polymer derived from L-tartaric acid. The experiments were carried out under normal-phase conditions. All the solutes could be baseline separated using n-hexane/2-propanol (95/5) as eluent at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 25 degrees C, with reasonable retention time (<12 min). The effects of the polar alcohol modifier (type and content) in the mobile phase and the column temperature on the enantioseparation were studied. Apparent thermodynamic parameters were also calculated from the plots of ln alpha or ln k' versus 1/T. Some mechanistic aspects of chiral recognition were discussed with respect to the structures of the solutes. It was found that the enantioseparations are all enthalpy driven, and the N-acyl groups of the solutes have significant influence on the chiral recognition.     

Action des perfluoroalkylcuivre(I) sur les perfluoroalkylethylenes

A series of new polyfluorinated dienes 3, containing the novel -CFCHCHCF-, pattern has been synthesized (50–70% yields) by reacting perfluoroalkyl iodides with perfluoroalkyl-ethylenes in the presence of copper. The monoalkenes R_fCFCHCH₂CF₂R′_f and the saturated compounds R_fCF₂CH₂CH₂CF₂R′_f were obtained by varying the experimental conditions. The ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR spectra are analysed and the reaction mechanism is discussed.     

Electron attachment on HI and DI in a uniform supersonic flow: thermalization of the electrons

In order to check the electron thermalization in the CRESU technique (Cinetique de Reaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme, e.g., "reaction kinetics in a uniform supersonic flow"), electron attachment on HI and DI has been studied in the 48-170 K range. Attachment to HI is exothermic and the reaction is expected to be fast and to proceed at a rate close to the capture limit. On the contrary, attachment to DI is slightly endothermic, and a strong positive temperature dependence of the measured rate coefficient is expected if the electrons are thermal. This dependence is not observed, and we conclude that the electrons are not in thermal equilibrium with the neutrals in the afterglow. A model, based on electron heating by superelastic collisions with the buffer gas, is proposed to explain this fact and implications for previously published results are discussed.     

Application of principal component regression to the determination of Captopril by differential pulse polarography with no prior removal of dissolved oxygen

As shown in this paper, multivariate calibration in general and principal component regression (PCR) in particular allow the determination of Captopril by differential pulse polarography (DPP) in the presence of oxygen despite the overlap between their polarographic bands. Electrochemical parameters (pulse amplitude, pulse delay and drop time) are optimized from response surfaces using PCR to determine the relationship between the variables to be optimized and the relative square error of prediction (RSEP), which was adopted as the parameter to be minimized. The proposed method is quite fast and inexpensive as a result of the decreased analysis times and sparing use of the inert gas. It was applied to the determination of Captopril in synthetic samples and a commercially available pharmaceutical preparation, with relative errors and confidence intervals <2.5% and 2.0%, respectively. It should be noted that the sample can be analysed directly following dissolution in water without the need to remove the excipients.     

The preparation of precisely defined lithium isotope mixtures

The need for accurate (< 0.06%) isotopic blends of ⁶Liand ⁷Li is explained and their preparation is discussed. It is shown that lithium must be determined at an accuracy level better than 0.035%. Four methods — acid-base titration with hydrochloric acid or benzoic acid, and weighing as sulphate or carbonate — were tested and improved for the precise and accurate analysis of lithium hydroxide solutions. The results of these four methods for a 0.1 M solution agreed within ± 0.02%. The preparation of pure isotopically enriched lithium hydroxide solutions, with specially purified cation- and anion-exchangers, is described. The prepared products contain as little as 100 μg of other alkali metals and 50 μg of alkaline-earth metals per gram of lithium, and are sufficiently free of anions to permit accurate chemical assay of lithium. No changes in the isotopic compositions of 99% ⁶Li or 99.99% ⁷Li were detected during the treatment.