Finite extensibility and orientational effects in rubbers. A physical interpretation of the ‘van der Waals equation’ for the elastic force

We propose a physical interpretation of the so-called van der Waals equation of state for rubbers, which gives a relation between the force and the deformation. On a phenomenological basis this equation takes the finite extensibility and a non-defined interaction into account. Here the fininte extensibility is discussed for the dilute case (no entanglements) and the highly entangled limit. The intramolecular interactions are described by orientational effects. The resulting equation of state for the force shows the same features as the van der Waals equation.Dedicated to Prof. H.-G. Kilian on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Einige Aspekte der Quantitativen Röntgenemissionsanalyse Leichter Elemente bei Anregung Mit Schweren Teilchen

The aim of the paper is the simplification of calibration procedures in the investigation of multi-element-systems by calculating calibration curves. This requires, as well as taking into account the measuring geometry and the detector properties, above all the calculation of the number of the characteristic X-rays emitted by the sample per incident particle. For the calculation of the thick target yield a computer programme has been developed which makes possible a simple exchange of subroutines describing the stopping power of the sample, the cross-section of K-shell ionization, the fluorescence yield and the matrix absorption for the resulting K-X-rays of the elements contained in the sample. The agreement between experiment and calculation is discussed, when various approximations for the functions mentioned are used, as well as the possible influence of the grain size and surface roughness of the samples on the measurements, on which the calculations are based.      

Supported Liquid Membrane Work-Up of Blood Plasma Samples Coupled On-Line to Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Basic Antidepressant Drugs

An automated sample pretreatment of human blood plasma for liquid chromatographic determination of three antidepressant drugs, dibenzepine; a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), reboxetine; a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and fluvoxamine; a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), based on supported liquid membrane (SLM) for unsurpassed sample clean-up and analyte enrichment, has been developed. The chromatograms after enrichment of plasma blank and aqueous blank are virtually indistinguishable. The entire analytical procedure revealed good linearity and low detection limits of 5, 15 and 20 ng mL^–1 for dibenzepine, reboxetine and fluvoxamine, respectively. No carry-over effects were noted. The repeatability of extraction at three concentrations in the range 40–150 ng mL^–1 for the three drugs was between ca. 3% and 7% as relative standard deviation. The reproducibility relative standard deviation during three different days (replacing the membrane each day) was not significantly higher.     

Einfluß zweiwertiger Anionen auf die Filmdruck-Flächenbedarfs-Isothermen von gespreiteten Octadecylamin-Monoschichten

Zusammenfassung Durch den Einsatz zweiwertiger Ionen in der wäßrigen Subphase kann die Packungsdichte gespreiteter Monoschichten wasserunlöslicher Tenside pH-abhän-gig erhöht werden. Ergebnisse für Octadecylamin auf einer Lösung von Natriumhydrogensphosphat werden angegeben.

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Summary The packing density of spread monolayers of waterinsoluble surface-active agents can be increased by use of bivalent ions in the aqueous subphase. Results for octadecyl amine spread on a solution of sodium hydrogen phosphate are given.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Schnellbestimmung von Hexachlorcyklohexan neben DDT mit Hilfe der Mikrobrechungsindexbestimmung nach Kofler

Zusammenfassung Eine Bestimmung von HCH und DDT aus Pulvergemischen und Streupudern wird beschrieben. Die beiden Insektizide werden über einer Säule, die mit Aluminiumoxyd neutral beschickt ist, mit Äther oder n-Hexan eluiert und das Eluat im Vakuum vorsichtig getrocknet. Aus der Schmelze des Rückstandes wird mit Hilfe der Glaspulvermethode die prozentuelle Zusammensetzung an Hand von Eichkurven ermittelt.

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Summary A method is described for determining HCH and DDT obtained from mixed powders and dusting powders. The two insecticides are passed through a column packed with neutral aluminium oxide, and then eluted with ether or n-hexane, and the eluate then carefully dried in vacuo. The percentage composition is found by means of standard curves when the glass powder method is applied to the melt of the residue.

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Résumé On décrit un dosade de HCH et de DDT sur le mélange des poudres et sur des poudres d'épandage. On réalise l'élution des deux insecticides avec l'éther ou le n-hexane, sur une colonne remplie d'oxyde d'aluminium neutre et l'on sèche avec prudence l'éluat dans le vide. On obtient la composition en pour-cent sur la partie fondue du résidu, au moyen de la méthode à la poudre de verre et en se servant de courbes d'étalonnage.

     

Simple, rapid and selective method using high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of bretylium in plasma.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for the determination of bretylium in plasma. Following a single-step solid-phase extraction procedure, bretylium is selectively isolated and well recovered from plasma. The assay sensitivity is 0.156 micrograms/ml from 250-microliters plasma samples and its linearity was assessed up to 40 micrograms/ml. The method is accurate (101.0 +/- 5.4%) and precise (maximum coefficient of variation of 8%). It provides a simple and time-saving alternative to existing methods and is particularly suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.     

Time-resolved measurements of intramolecular energy transfer in single donor/acceptor dyads

We have investigated electronic excitation energy transfer in a specifically designed bichromophoric donor/acceptor dyad in which the donor (perylenediimide) and acceptor (terrylenediimide) are linked by a rigid heptaphenyl-spacer. Because of the choice of the bridge, which defines the distance and orientation of the two chromophores, donor as well as acceptor emission is observed. The significantly smaller photostability of the donor allows for time-resolved measurements of the acceptor emission at the single-molecule level with and without energy transfer from the donor. By analyzing the differences of the rise/decay profiles for both pathways, we could determine time constants of energy transfer with high accuracy for single dyads. The results show that the experimental approach presented here works even for situations in which the energy transfer times are smaller than the temporal resolution of the detection system.     

Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von K2O2

Refinement of the Crystal Structure of K₂O₂ The crystal structure of K₂O₂ has been refined using 241 diffractometer data (Cmca; a = 6.733(1), b = 6.996(1), c = 6.474(1) Å; Z = 4; R_w = 0.050). The distance O? O (1.541(6) Å) is significantly larger than that one assumed for alkali metal peroxides, so far.     

Chemical structure of escherichia coli lipid A

The chemical structure of E. coli lipid A was elucidated to be $\text{2}$ by determination of the nature of the individual acyl groups bound to the two hydroxyl groups in positions 3,3′ and the two amino groups of the D-glucosamine disaccharide phosphate backbone.     

Importance of the choice of assumptions and models in the estimation of analytical quality specifications

The validity of any model depends on its ability to imagine the situation or problem to which it is applied. Further, the assumptions made in relation to the model are determining for the actual outcome. Within the field of clinical biochemistry a lot of models for analytical quality specifications, based on a variety of concepts and ’clinical settings’, have been proposed. A hierarchical structure for application of these approaches and models has been agreed on at several occasions in 1999. In this hierarchy, the highest rank is given to evaluation of analytical quality specifications based on ’clinical settings’/’clinical outcome’ models, followed by specifications based on biological variation and on ’clinicians opinions’. This contribution, deals with the problems of combining random and systematic errors and the implications of application of different models to a variety of clinical settings. Received: 1 June, 2002 Accepted: 17 July 2002 Presented at the European Conference on Quality in the Spotlight in Medical Laboratories, 7–9 October 2001, Antwerp, Belgium