Observables and quark confinement in the covariant canonical formalism of Yang-Mills theory

A concise criterion for observables in Yang-Mills theory is presented in the framework of covariant canonical field theory. As an example, the symmetric energy-momentum tensor θ_øν is proved to be an observable and its physically meaningful form is clarified. The validity of the “Maxwell-type” equation of motion is established in the physical subspace $\text{V}$_phys defined by the subsidiary condition $\text{Q}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>B</mtext>}}\text{?}\text{phys}\text{〉 = 0}$ (Q_B: BRS charge). Its meaning and consequences are discussed in connection with the notion of observables: especially, all (quasi-) local observables in QCD are shown to be colour singlets and this fact paves the way to quark confinement.     

The synthesis of 2-ethoxy-6,11-dimethyl-7,9-bisdehydroaza[14]annulene and its benzannelated derivatives

Title azaannulenes were synthesized starting from annulenones, and the ¹H-NMR spectra are discussed in connection with tropicity of these annulenes.     

Asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams. I. The reaction of dimethylketene silyl acetal with (S)-alkylidene(1-arylethyl)amines promoted by titanium tetrachloride

Asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams by means of the reaction of dimethylketene silyl acetal with (S)-alkylidene(1-arylethyl)amines in the presence of titanium tetrachloride was studied. The extent of the asymmetric induction was in the range of 44–78% (diastereomeric purity 72–89%) and the (S)-configuration was turned to be preferentially induced at the ⁴C position of the resulting β-lactams.     

A Simple Derivation of Josephson's Formulae in Superconductivity

A simple and general derivation of Josephson's formulae for the tunneling currents is presented on the basis of Sewell's general formulation of superconductivity in relation to off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO).     

Reactions of hydropolysilanes with alcohols catalysed by tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium

[RhCl(PPh₃)₃] is a very effective catalyst for the cleavage of Si-Si bonds by alcohols.     

Fibrous and helical calcite crystals induced by synthetic polypeptides containing o-phospho-L-serine and o-phospho-L-threonine

The modification of CaCO(3) crystal growth by synthetic L-Ser(PO(3)H(2)) and L-Thr(PO(3)H(2)) containing polypeptides is described. The amino acids Gly, L-Glu, L-Asp, L-Ser, L-Ala, and L-Lys induced rhombohedral calcite with a rough surface. Dipeptides, Xaa-L-Ser(PO(3)H(2)) (Xaa = Gly, L-Glu, L-Asp, L-Ser, L-Ala and L-Lys) induced vaterite crystals in the lower [Ca(2+)]. On the other hand, L-Ser(PO(3)H(2))-containing polypeptides formed spherical vaterite and fibrous calcite. The characteristic helical calcite was found in the presence of copoly[L-Ser(PO(3)H(2))(75)L-Asp(25)] or poly[L-Ser(PO(3)H(2))(3)-L-Asp]. Fibrous calcite, spherical vaterite, and helical calcite crystals were subjected to XRD and EDX analysis. XRD revealed the specific faces of these crystals. EDX spectra and surface analysis visualized the localization of the polypeptides and CaCO(3) components. Together with TEM and SAED data, we propose hypothetical growth mechanisms for the fibrous and helical calcite crystals.     

Perturbation and renormalization in thermo field dynamics

A systematic renormalization procedure used in the perturbative calculation of the real-time causal Green's functions at finite temperature is presented. The formalism of thermo field dynamics is employed throughout, permitting the use of Feynman diagram techniques. The renormalizability by means of the temperature-independent counterterms is proved.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bisazetidines by the hydroalane reduction of bis-beta-lactams

A series of novel chiral bisazetidines in which two azetidine rings are either directly connected or coupled in tandem style, are synthesized in good yields by the hydroalane reduction of the corresponding bis-beta-lactame.