Non-catalytic and catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass

Both the non-catalytic and catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass have been the objective of extensive research in recent years. An impressive amount of scientific studies related to non-catalytic and catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass has been reported in the literature. The experimental conditions such as temperature, residence time, pressure, the types of biomass, and the types of catalysts have an important effect on the product distributions. The details about the experimental conditions as well as the compositions of bio-oils are important for a better understanding of the biomass liquefaction pathways in hydrothermal media. This review is intended to summarize and discuss a survey of relevant research.     

A <Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis>-deformed particle algebra with a unique <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-dimensional representation

We present an algebra generated by a single pair of creation and annihilation operators b and b*. We prove that the algebra has a unique d-dimensional representation. Physically this algebra corresponds to a system where there are at most d − 1 particles in a state with otherwise same quantum numbers.     

New one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[2,3-<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>]pyrimidine-6,5′-pyrimidine]pentaones and their sulfur analogues

Reaction of barbituric acid (BA), 1,3-dimethyl barbituric acid (DMBA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with cyanogen bromide and various aldehydes in presence of triethylamine afforded a new class of heterocyclic stable 5-alkyl and/or 5-aryl-1H, 1′H-spiro[furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,5′-pyrimidine]2,2′,4,4′,6′(3H,3′H,5H)-pentaones which are dimeric forms of barbiturate (uracil and thiouracil derivatives) at 0 °C to ambient temperatures. Structure elucidation is proved by X-ray crystallography, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, CHN and mass analyses techniques. Mechanisms of the formations are discussed.     

Existence and uniqueness of an inverse problem for nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation

In this paper, an initial boundary value problem for nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation is considered. Giving an additional condition, a time‐dependent coefficient multiplying nonlinear term is determined, and existence and uniqueness theorem for small times is proved. The finite difference method is proposed for solving the inverse problem.     

Advance selling to strategic consumers

Advance selling of goods and services is a form of separating purchase from consumption. It is often employed when consumers are uncertain about their consumption utilities until a short time period before consumption. A book to be released, a concert to attend, or a cruise to take are some examples. Invariably, in consumers’ mind inventory availability (of copies, seats, or rooms) is a concern. In this paper we study a retailer’s inventory and pricing decisions in an advance selling scenario that involves consumers who are strategic. Some consumers not only consider advance and spot prices, but also the uncertainty in future availability of the product (during the spot period) and in their consumption utility from it. We characterize the optimal inventory management and pricing policies, and discuss several interesting aspects of the solution. For example, it can be optimal for the retailer to limit advance sales even if there is more demand for it, and it can be optimal for the retailer to limit its inventory even though there is more capacity to keep it, but not both.     

Poletsky–Stessin Hardy Spaces on Complex Ellipsoids in $$\mathbb {C}^{n}$$

We study Poletsky–Stessin Hardy spaces on complex ellipsoids in \(\mathbb {C}^{n}\). Different from one variable case, classical Hardy spaces are strictly contained in Poletsky–Stessin Hardy spaces on complex ellipsoids so boundary values are not automatically obtained in this case. We have showed that functions belonging to Poletsky–Stessin Hardy spaces have boundary values and they can be approached through admissible approach regions in the complex ellipsoid case. Moreover, we have obtained that polynomials are dense in these spaces. We also considered the composition operators acting on Poletsky–Stessin Hardy spaces on complex ellipsoids and gave conditions for their boundedness and compactness.     

A New Expression for Higher Order Accelerations and Poles Under the One Parameter Planar Hyperbolic Homothetic Motions

The one parameter planar hyperbolic homothetic motion was introduced in Ersoy and Akyigit (Adv Appl Clifford Algebras 21:297–313, 2011). We give a formula for higher order accelerations and poles under this motion. In the case of the homothetic rate \({h\equiv 1}\) we obtain the higher order accelerations and poles under one parameter planar hyperbolic motion which was given by Sahin and Yüce (Math Probl Eng 2014, 2014). Also, the higher order velocities and accelerations are analyzed by taking the angle of the rotation instead of the parameter of the motion.     

New Pt(0) Nanoparticles as Highly Active and Reusable Catalysts in the C1–C3 Alcohol Oxidation and the Room Temperature Dehydrocoupling of Dimethylamine-Borane (DMAB)

New Pt(0) nanoparticles were easily and reproducibly prepared by the simultaneous reduction method using 1-butylamine (BA) and tributylamine (TBA) for the first time as capturing ligands at room temperature. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements verify the formation of well-dispersed Pt(0) nanoparticles [~3.63 and ~3.98 nm for catalysts prepared using BA (catalyst I) and TBA (catalyst II), respectively] on an activated carbon surface. The catalytic performances of these nanoparticles in terms of activity, isolability and reusability were investigated for both alcohol oxidation and the dehydrocoupling of dimethylamine-borane (DMAB). These nanoparticles were shown to be as active and reusable heterogeneous catalysts even at room temperature. The prepared catalysts can catalyze the dehydrogenation of DMAB with one of the highest known activities at room temperature and also C1–C3 alcohol oxidation with very high electrochemical activities.     

Plasma Treated Sepiolite: A New Adsorbent for Removal of Malachite Green from Contaminated Water

Surface modification of clay materials has become an important issue to improve the efficiency of the adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of the clay material can be increased by thermal or chemical modifications. In this study, plasma technology was applied for the surface modification of sepiolite to improve the removal of malachite green from contaminated water. This study is novel in preparing and examining the effectiveness of sepiolite in adsorption of malachite green from contaminated water. To achieve the aim, plasma application time, CO₂, N₂, or Ar plasma gases effect and pH were investigated with respect to the adsorption capacity of MG. The surface properties of raw and plasma treated sepiolite were investigated with SEM, FTIR, BET surface area and XRD measurements. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 143 mg/g.     

Novel mixed-ligand complexes of coumarilate/<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>′-diethylnicotinamide with some transition metals

Coordination complexes of transition metal cations (Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II and Zn^II) containing coumarilate and N,N′-diethylnicotinamide were synthesized. The structural characterization and thermal behaviour analysis of novel samples synthesized were conducted through elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, solid-state UV–Vis, direct and injection probe mass spectra, FTIR spectra, thermoanalytic TG-DTG/DTA and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The structural details of single crystals of [Co(dena)₂(H₂O)₄](coum)₂ (I) and [Cu(coum)₂(dena)₂(H₂O)₂] (III) complexes were resolved completely. Moreover, the results of analysis obtained for [Ni(coum)₂(dena)₂(H₂O)₂] (II) and [Zn(dena)₂(H₂O)₄](coum)₂ (IV) complexes were interpreted considering the samples with crystal structures defined and made assumptions about the structural details. It was determined that the complex of Co^II metal cation has salt-type structure and the coordination number of metal is accomplished to six as the sum of 4 mol of water and also 2 mol of N,N′-diethylnicotinamide ligands in trans position located within the coordination sphere. It was observed that 2 mol of coumarilate anions are located outside the coordination sphere and have stabilized to the charge (2+) of metal. The Cu^II complex has totally molecular structure, and the coordination sphere of metal cation was 6 as the sum of 2 mol of water, 2 mol of N,N′-diethylnicotinamide and 2 mol of monoanionic monodentate coumarilate ligands. All ligands have been located in –trans position. The geometry of both complex structures is distorted octahedral. It is assumed that the Ni^II complex structure is isostructural with Cu^II complex structure and also does Zn^II complex with Co^II structure. It was determined that the decomposition products obtained from thermal analysis are the oxides of related metal cations.