The measurement of slope using shearography

This paper presents an optical method which is based on speckle-shearing interferometry for the measurement of the slope at any point of an object. The object under study is illuminated by an expanded laser beam and its image is recorded on a photographic plate placed at the image plane of an image-shearing camera. A second exposure on the photographic film is made after the light source is moved slightly. The resulting photograph yields a fringe pattern which represents lines of constant displacement gradients. Theory of the method as well as some experimental results are presented.     

A Comparison of Two Variational Methods

A discussion is given of the relation between the maximum functionaltheorem and Schwinger's variational principle, and it is shownthat the bound given by Schwinger's principle is better thanor the same as that given by the maximum functional theorem.     

The electrolytic efficiency of amperometric detection in normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

The electrolytic efficiency of the wall-jet detector in normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (between 0.1 and 5%) is significantly less than its efficiency in reversed-phase separations. A large-volume wall-jet cel with a Ag/Ag⁺ reference serves as the detector system in evaluating the effects of various chromatographic conditions on efficiency. Anthraquinone, phenanthrenaquinone (both at 10^-3–10^-4 M) and three estrogen gen steroids (at 10^-2–10^-3 M) are used as samples with ethanol/ hexane eluents. The effect of pH depends on the sample; increased ethanol concentrations and lower flow rates improve the efficiency.     

Synthesis,structure, and electrochemistry of Ag-modified LiMn<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The composite of silver-modified lithium manganese oxide were prepared using thermal decomposition method of different mole ratio. Structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis revealed different patterns as the content of the dopant in the spinel increases. Phase analysis shows that Ag particles were dispersed on the LiMn₂O₄ surface instead of entering the spinel structure. On the other hand, the electrochemical behavior of cathode powder was examined by using two-electrode test cells consisting of a cathode, metallic lithium as anode, and a solid polymer electrolyte of 0.87PEO-0.13LiCF₃SO₃-0.10DBP. According to the electrochemical tests results, the influence of the Ag additive content on the electrochemical properties of Ag/LiMn₂O₄ composites is clearly shown.     

Intrinsic structure of hydrophobic surfaces: the oil-water interface

We investigate the water-oil interface using molecular dynamics simulations of realistic models of alkanes and water. The intrinsic density profiles are computed using a methodology that removes the smoothing effect of the capillary waves. We show that at 300 K the intrinsic width of the gap separating the oil and water phases spans little more than one water molecule diameter, and undergoes very weak short-ranged fluctuations, indicating that the water-oil interface is a rigid molecular structure at ambient temperature. Only near the drying transition (above 500 K for dodecane), the gap features uncoupled fluctuations of the oil and water surfaces, as expected in a typical drying structure. We find that the intrinsic structure of water next to the oil phase is remarkably similar to the bare water-vapor interface.     

Orbit Classification of Qutrit via the Gram Matrix

We classify the orbits generated by unitary transformation on the density matrices of the three-state quantum systems （qutrits） via the Gram matrix. The Gram matrix is a real symmetric matrix formed from the Hilbert- Schmidt scalar products of the vectors lying in the tangent space to the orbits. The rank of the Gram matrix determines the dimensions of the orbits, which fall into three classes for qutrits.     

Scanning moiré and phase shifting with time delay and integration imaging

Scanning moiré is generated by undersampling of a phase-modulated grating pattern. In projection profilometry the scanning moiré pattern represents equal height and depth contours on a test object. By use of time delay and integration (TDI) imaging, it is possible to generate an on-line scanning moiré pattern from the complete periphery of a rotating cylindrical object. For automated phase and profile unwrapping from scanning moiré fringes, phase-shifting interferometry techniques are most desirable. However, lack of spatial information in the undersampled scanning moiré fringes introduces serious errors in phase unwrapping. We report a method that uses oversupply of data to balance the effect of undersampling. This oversupply is achieved with a TDI feature that permits programmable image magnification in the scanning direction.