An efficient upwind/relaxation algorithm for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations

An efficient Euler and full Navier–Stokes solver based on a flux splitting scheme is presented. The original Van Leer flux vector splitting form is extended to arbitrary body-fitted co-ordinates in the physical domain so that it can be used with a finite volume scheme. The block matrix is inverted by Gauss–Seidel iteration. It is verified that the often used reflection boundary condition will produce incorrect flux crossing the wall and cause too large numerical dissipation if flux vector splitting is used. To remove such errors, an appropriate treatment of wall boundary conditions is suggested. Inviscid and viscous steady transonic internal flows are analysed, including the case of shock-induced boundary layer separation.     

Some remarks on quasilinear wave equations with null condition in 3‐D

In this paper, we give an alternative proof to the global existence result, which is originally owing to the pioneering work of Klainerman and Christodoulou, for the Cauchy problem of quasilinear wave equations with null condition in three space dimensions. The proof can display the following three features simultaneously: the Lorentz boost operator is not employed in the generalized energy estimates; the generalized energy of the solution will be always small, which was first observed by Alinhac; and the initial data are not assumed to have a compact support. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Metal-cation-based anion exchange membranes

Here we present the first metal-cation-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs), which were synthesized by copolymerization and cross-linking of a norbornene monomer functionalized with a water-soluble bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) complex and dicyclopentadiene. Each ruthenium complex has two associated counteranions, unlike most ammonium- and phosphonium-based membranes with single cation-anion pairs. The resulting AEMs show anion conductivities and mechanical properties comparable to those of traditional quaternary-ammonium-based AEMs as well as good alkaline stability and methanol tolerance. These results suggest that metal-cation-based polymers hold promise as a new class of materials for anion-conducting applications.     

Fractal analysis on human dynamics of library loans

In this paper, the fractal characteristic of human behaviors is investigated from the perspective of time series constructed with the amount of library loans. The values of the Hurst exponent and length of non-periodic cycle calculated through rescaled range analysis indicate that the time series of human behaviors and their sub-series are fractal with self-similarity and long-range dependence. Then the time series are converted into complex networks by the visibility algorithm. The topological properties of the networks such as scale-free property and small-world effect imply that there is a close relationship among the numbers of repetitious behaviors performed by people during certain periods of time. Our work implies that there is intrinsic regularity in the human collective repetitious behaviors. The conclusions may be helpful to develop some new approaches to investigate the fractal feature and mechanism of human dynamics, and provide some references for the management and forecast of human collective behaviors.     

高功率微波作用下热载流子引起n型金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管特性退化研究

高功率微波(HPM)通过使半导体器件特性退化和功能失效,从而干扰电子系统无法正常工作. 针对金属氧化物半导体(MOS)器件的HPM效应, 建立了高功率微波引起n型金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(nMOSFET)特性退化的物理过程与模型. 器件仿真结果中nMOSFET的输出特性曲线显示栅极注入HPM引起器件特性退化,包括阈值电压正向漂移、 饱和电流减小、跨导减小等;结合物理模型分析可知, HPM引起的高频脉冲电压使器件进入深耗尽状态, 热载流子数目增多,热载流子效应导致器件特性退化. MOS器件的HPM注入实验结果显示,器件特性曲线、器件模型参数变化趋势与仿真结果一致, 验证了HPM引起nMOSFET特性退化的物理过程与模型.     

Electrodes surface-intercalated with powder catalysts: II. Microelectrodes surface-intercalated with powder catalysts

Microelectrode techniques were worked out for the study of electrocatalytic behaviors of powder catalysts. Ultra thin layer of fine catalyst powder was intercalated into the surface layer of soft conductive plastic sheet made from acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder. Microelectrodes of such construction have been successfully employed in the study of reversible and irreversible electrode reactions. Experimental results clearly indicated that microelectrode with ultra thin layer of surface-intercalated catalyst powder could serve as a powerful tool for the study of electrocatalytic behaviors of powder catalysts.     

NIR-II Fluorescent Brightness Promoted by “Ring Fusion” for the Detection of Intestinal Inflammation

Fluorophores with emission in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) have displayed salient advantages for biomedical applications. However, the common strategy of reducing the energy bandgap of fluorophores so as to achieve red-shifted wavelengths always leads to compromised fluorescent brightness. Herein, we propose a molecular design concept of “ring-fusion” to modify the acceptor of AIEgen that can extend the luminous wavelength from NIR-I to NIR-II. The fused-acceptor-containing fluorophore yielded, TTQP, has an enhanced absorption coefficient with a higher brightness in nanoparticle formation compared to its NIR-I emissive counterpart (TTQ-DP) with a non-fused acceptor. Theoretical calculation further confirms that the ring fusion can efficiently promote the rigidity and planarity of the electron-deficient core, leading to a lower reorganization energy and nonradiative decay. The TTQP NPs yielded thus allow sensitive NIR-II fluorescence imaging of vasculature and intestinal inflammation in mice models. Therefore, we anticipate that our work will provide a promising molecular-engineering strategy to enrich the library and broaden the application scope of NIR-II fluorophores.     

Wettability regulated gram-negative bacterial adhesion on biomimetic hierarchical structures

One of the critical issues in gram-negative bacterial adhesion is how wettability regulates adhesion as the surface wettability varies from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic,and what is the relevant/contributing role of the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)outer layer of the gram-negative shell during this procedure.Herein,by avoiding the unexpected influence induced by the varied topographies,control over gram-negative bacteria adhesion by wettability is achieved on biomimetic hierarchical surfaces, which is mainly mediated by LPS layer.The study provides a methodology to have a good control over bacteria cell adhesion by properly designing wettable surface structures.This design concept is helpful for developing new generations of biomaterials in order to control a variety of diseases induced by gram-negative bacteria,which still continue to be very important and necessary in the fields of biomedicine.     

硫酸水溶液中铅阳极膜形成及其结构的非现场FTIR反射吸收光谱—电化学研究

本文用非现场红外反射吸收光谱方法和电化学循环伏安法研究了1.0mol·dm~(-3)H_2SO_4中-0.6至2.5伏电势范围内(相对SCE)Pb阳极膜的形成及其可能的结构。在此电势区内Pb阳极膜中始终存在硫酸铅或碱式硫酸铅,其中SO_4~(2-)主要以桥式双齿配位方式与Pb~(2+)结合。另外,上述电势范围内生成的膜中无可检测量的H_2O和OH~-存在。     

溶剂工程调控钙钛矿薄膜中PbI2和PbI2(DMSO)的形成

钙钛矿太阳能电池以其高效、低成本的特点备受关注。到目前为止,钙钛矿太阳能电池的最高光电转换效率已经超过25%,显示出良好的应用前景。钙钛矿薄膜的结晶性能是决定器件性能的关键,因此,调控钙钛矿薄膜的生长过程至关重要。本工作中,我们发现通过简单调节前驱体溶剂,即调节二甲基亚砜：1, 4-丁内酯: N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMSO : GBL : DMF)的三种混合溶剂的比例,可实现钙钛矿薄膜中PbI₂和PbI₂(DMSO)含量的调节,从而调节电池的器件性能。此外,本工作系统研究了PbI₂和PbI₂(DMSO)的含量对器件性能的影响。结果表明,PbI₂(DMSO)的形成会导致300–425 nm波长范围内电池的外量子效率(EQE)降低,从而导致器件性能下降。相反,通过在前驱体溶液中添加额外的碘化亚甲基铵(MAI),可以抑制PbI₂和PbI₂(DMSO)的形成。