Punishment strategies make the α-coalitional game ordinally convex and balanced

We present a sufficient condition under which the -coalitional game associated with a strategic form game is ordinally convex and balanced. The n-person prisoners dilemma games satisfy this condition.The author is grateful to Mikio Nakayama, Yukihisa Utsumi, William Thomson, an anonymous referee and an associate editor for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Experimental Discussion on Eye-Safe 1.54 μm Photon Counting Lidar Using Avalanche Photodiode

A Mie hdar system with an eye-safe wavelength of 1.54 m was developed and its performance characteristics were experimentally discussed. The wavelength was generated by a Nd:YAG based methane-shifted Raman laser. The collected backscattering light was detected by an InGaAs avalanche photodiode working in photon counting mode at that wavelength. Results of atmospheric observation showed clearly the dynamics of multi-layered cluds up to an altitude of 7 km. The systems performance was confirmed on the point of signal to noise ratio in both the observation and the simulation. Advantages of the eye-safe 1.54 m wavelength in lidar atmospheric research and system limitations were discussed. © 2004 The Optical Society of Japan     

A dodecameric porphyrin wheel

A dodecameric porphyrin wheel was prepared by Ag(I)-promoted intramolecular coupling of a linear porphyrin dodecamer and was observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Efficient energy hopping along the array was revealed by femtosecond transient anisotropy measurements.     

Synthesis of a bis(pyridyl)-substituted perylene diimide ligand and incorporation into a supramolecular rhomboid and rectangle via coordination driven self-assembly

The synthesis of a bis(pyridyl)-substituted perylene diimide ligand and its incorporation into a supramolecular rhomboid and rectangle via platinum-mediated self-assembly is reported. Both ensembles are characterized by multinuclear NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, the UV/vis spectra of the ensembles exhibit displaced and enhanced absorptions relative to the starting ligand. Size estimations using MM2 simulations show the assemblies are almost 46 A in length.     

Synthetic studies on a series of functionalized pyrylium salts, 4-chloro- and 4-bromophosphinines

A series of new pyrylium salts that bear sulfonate and phosphonate groups were obtained from the reactions between 2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-one, sulfonic anhydride, and chlorophosphates, and analyzed spectroscopically. Furthermore, treatment of 2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-one with phosphoryl chloride or bromide afforded the corresponding 4-chloro- and 4-bromopyrylium tetrafluoroborates in good yield. Subsequently, the synthesis of the corresponding 4-chloro- and 4-bromophosphinines was accomplished by treating the respective chloro- and bromopyrylium tetrafluoroborates with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine.     

One-pot synthesis of triazole-fused isoindoles from o-alkynylbenzaldehydes and trimethylsilyl azide

An efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-fused isoindoles from o-alkynylbenzaldehydes and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN₃) is reported. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a diazide intermediate and a subsequent intramolecular azide-alkyne cycloaddition, providing a novel access to a variety of 8-azido-8H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-a]isoindoles in high yields.     

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy by STM of phonons at solid surfaces and interfaces

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) allows the acquisition of vibrational signals at surfaces. In STM-IETS, a tunneling electron may excite a vibration, and opens an inelastic channel in parallel with the elastic one, giving rise to a change in conductivity of the STM junction. Until recently, the application of STM-IETS was limited to the localized vibrations of single atoms and molecules adsorbed on surfaces. The theory of the STM-IETS spectrum in such cases has been established. For the collective lattice dynamics, i.e., phonons, however, features of STM-IETS spectrum have not been understood well, though in principle STM-IETS should also be capable of detecting phonons. In this review, we present STM-IETS investigations for surface and interface phonons and provide a theoretical analysis. We take surface phonons on Cu(1?1?0) and interfacial phonons relevant to graphene on SiC substrate as illustrative examples. In the former, we provide a theoretical formalism about the inelastic phonon excitations by tunneling electrons based on the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) technique applied to a model Hamiltonian constructed in momentum space for both electrons and phonons. In the latter case, we discuss the experimentally observed spatial dependence of the STM-IETS spectrum and link it to local excitations of interfacial phonons based on ab-initio STM-IETS simulation.     

Accurate determination of formaldehyde amount fraction in cylinders using mixtures of primary standards of formaldehyde in nitrogen prepared by a gravimetric permeation method

Accreditation and Quality Assurance - A reliable method for the quantification of formaldehyde (HCHO) amount fractions is required, because the results of comparisons between individual techniques...     

Site‐Selective Linear Alkylation of Anilides by Cooperative Nickel/Aluminum Catalysis

We report meta‐ and para‐selective linear alkylation reactions of anilides with alkenes by nickel/N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and aluminum catalysis. With a less bulky NHC, the alkylation reaction of N‐methyl‐N‐phenylcyclohexanecarboxamides proceeded mainly at the meta position. In contrast, a bulky NHC ligand led to the para‐selective alkylation of N‐sec‐alkyl anilides.