Recording a binary computer-generated hologram on a thermoplastic film

A computer-generated hologram was recorded on a thermoplastic film using an electron-beam recording device. The hologram was a binary one of detour phase type and of surface relief type. A bright image was reconstructed from the recorded hologram.     

Solid-phase syntheses of olefin-containing inhibitors for HTLV-1 protease using the Horner-Emmons reaction

[reaction: see text] The solid-phase Horner-Emmons reaction was successfully applied for the convenient syntheses of olefin-containing protease inhibitors. The isomerization during the solid-phase Horner-Emmons reaction can be minimized simply by the use of an appropriate amount of the base. The synthesized olefin peptides, which have an olefin gamma-amino acid at the scissile site, were found to act as effective inhibitors for the HTLV-1 protease for the first time.     

Scale-up of wet kneading in a novel vertical high shear kneader

A novel multi-functional vertical high shear kneader has been developed and its performance in wet kneading has previously been reported [Watano et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 50(3), 341-345 (2002)]. In this study, scale-up of wet kneading in the novel vertical high shear kneader was conducted. Pharmaceutical excipients composed of lactose, cornstarch and micro-crystalline cellulose were used as powder samples. Kneading operations were conducted under various operating conditions and three different vessel scales. The dried pellets were then prepared by extruding the wet kneaded masses through a dome-type extruder and their drying by a fluidized bed. The physical properties such as strength and disintegration time of the dried pellets were evaluated. It was found that the properties of the dried pellets and their scale-up characteristics were well expressed by an agitation power per unit vessel volume and dimensionless Froude number.     

Kinetics of phase separation in polymer blends. Calculations based on nonlinear theory

Suzuki's scaling theory for transient phenomena is applied to the calculation of the kinetics of phase separation in the early-to-intermediate stage based on a nonlinear theory proposed by Langer, Bar-on, and Miller (LBM). Calculated results are compared with experimental data on light scattering from a polymer blend system. Deviations from predictions of Cahn's linearized theory in the early time range of phase separation can be explained well by the proposed method of calculation. Nonlinear effects are found to play an essential role in characterizing the light scattering behavior of phase separation in the intermediate stage. Time evolutions of the single-point distribution function of composition are calculated, and the results are in good agreement with those reported in digital imaging analysis experiments and computer simulations of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation. The influence of asymmetry of free-energy on the single-point distribution function is also investigated in this study. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A light-scattering study of deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) in an electric field

The deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L -glutamate) (PBLG) in an electric field was investigated by light scattering, polarized-light microscopy, and birefringence measurements. Under the polarizing microscope, the deformation was found to be dependent upon the field strength. The spherulites deformed perpendicular to the field. Above 75 V/cm in N,N-dimethylformamide or 120 V/cm in 1,1,2-trichloroethane, the deformed spherulites were transformed to rodlike textures. With increasing voltage, the rods gradually oriented parallel to the electric field. On the basis of the experimental results, models for affine deformation are proposed. With these models, light-scattering patterns are calculated. The calculated and experimental patterns agree semiquantitatively.     

High pressure X-ray diffraction study of CaMnO3 perovskite

Using a diamond anvil cell device and synchrotron radiation,the in-situ high-pressure structure of CaMnO3 has been investigated.In the pressure up to 36.5 GPa,no pressure-induced phase transition is observed.The pressure dependence on the lattice parameters of CaMnO3 is reported,and the relationship of the axial compression coefficients is βa >βc > βb.The isothermal bulk modulus K298=224(25)GPa is also obtained by fitting the pressure-volume data using the Murnaghan equation of state.