Design and synthesis of highly sensitive and selective fluorescein-derived magnesium fluorescent probes and application to intracellular 3D Mg2+ imaging

The role of intracellular magnesium ions is of high interest in the fields of pharmacology and cellular biology. To accomplish the dynamic and three-dimensional imaging of intracellular Mg2+, there is a strong desire for the development of optimized Mg2+ fluorescent probes. In this paper we describe the design, synthesis, and cellular application of the three novel Mg2+ fluorescent probes KMG-101, -103, and -104. The compounds of this series feature a charged beta-diketone as a binding site specific for Mg2+ and a fluorescein residue as the fluorophore that can be excited with an Ar+ laser such as is widely used in confocal scanning microscopy. This molecular design leads to an intensive off-on-type fluorescent response toward Mg2+ ions. The two fluorescent probes KMG-103 and -104 showed suitable dissociation constants (Kd,Mg2+ = 2 mM) and nearly a 10-fold fluorescence enhancement over the intracellular magnesium ion concentration range (0.1-6 mM), allowing high-contrast, sensitive, and selective Mg2+ measurements. For intracellular applications, the membrane-permeable probe KMG-104AM was synthesized and successfully incorporated into PC12 cells. Upon application of the mitochondria uncoupler FCCP to the probe-incorporated cells, the resulting increase in the free magnesium ion concentration could be followed over time. By using a confocal microscope, the intracellular 3D magnesium ion concentration distributions were satisfactorily observed.     

Fluorimetric assay for measuring Dns-His-Lys-Arg-His-Lys cleaving enzyme using high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid and sensitive assay for the determination of Dns-His-Lys-Arg-His-Lys cleaving enzyme activity is reported. This assay is based on fluorimetric detection of a dansylated dipeptide, 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-His-Lys, enzymatically formed from the substrate 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-His-Lys-Arg-His-d-Lys, after separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C-18 reversed-phase column by isocratic elution. This assay is sensitive enough to measure 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-His-Lys at concentrations as low as 7 pmol, and yields highly reproducible results and requires less than 9.0 min per sample for separation and quantitation. The optimum pH for Dns-His-Lys-Arg-His-Lys cleaving enzyme activity was 7.5-8.0. The Michaelis constant (K_m) and the maximum velocity (V_max) values were 33.3 μM and 47.07 pmol/(μg h), respectively with the use of enzyme extract obtained from bovine pituitary. By using this assay, axonal transport of this enzyme activity was observed 48 h after double ligations of rat sciatic nerves. The high sensitivity and selectivity of this assay would be useful for clarification of the physiological role of this enzyme.     

Synthesis and polymerization of 4-o-vinylbenzyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine

Some hindered amine polymers containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine structure were synthesized. A new monomer, 4-O-vinylbenzyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, was homopolymerized and copolymerized with some vinyl monomers in the presence of AIBN as an initiator. The obtained amine polymers were oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to obtain the polymers having nitroxyl radical moiety.     

Development of rectangular column structured titanium oxide photocatalysts anchored on silica sheets by a wet process

Commercially available powdered photocatalysts such as P-25 are known to show high photocatalytic performance. However, in practical use, their anchoring onto a substrate without any binders is still very difficult. The purpose of this study is to design and develop high-performance photocatalysts that can be anchored onto a substrate, and to this end we have prepared a titanium oxide photocatalyst using a wet process. The results of this study led to the successful development of rectangular column structured titanium oxide crystals which could be anchored onto silica sheets. The rectangular columnar crystal was 100- 500 nm wide and 1000- 5000 nm long. Moreover, investigations on the complete oxidation reaction of acetaldehyde into CO₂ and H₂O showed a high performance equivalent to that of the most efficient marketed powdered photocatalysts.     

Rapid and high-resolution analysis of geometric polyprenol homologues by connected octadecylsilylated monolithic silica columns in high-performance liquid chromatography

A Chromolith Performance octadecylsilyl (ODS) monolithic silica column (Merck) was compared with a conventional microparticulate ODS-bonded silica column in the high-performance liquid chromatography separation of natural polyprenols. A system comprising two connected monolithic columns afforded an equivalent separation at half the analysis time of the conventional method. Furthermore, ten connected columns achieved a tremendously high-resolution separation, in which the complicated series of homologous polyprenols with geometric isomerism were fully separated.     

Analysis to obtain precise density fluctuation of supercritical fluids by small-angle X-ray scattering

A procedure of analysis for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data has been established to obtain density fluctuation of supercritical fluids near the critical point. It is indispensable for the certain analysis to utilize both of high-quality SAXS data measured under stable thermodynamic condition and accurate P–ρ–T data in supercritical region. As a standard example, SAXS measurements have been performed for supercritical CO₂, which is a suitable sample satisfying the condition for both experiment and analysis. The measurements were carried out along four isothermal conditions at reduced temperature of T_r = T/T_c = 1.020, 1.022, 1.043 and 1.064. Comparing the experimental density fluctuation with calculated one from the most reliable equation of state, the differences are within 8% at most.     

A new method for the synthesis of some 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylpurines by a combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions

An enzymatic transarabinosylation between 2-chlorohypoxanthine and 1-β-$\text{D}$-arabinofuranosyluracil gave 9-β-$\text{D}$-arabinofuranosyl-2-chlorohypoxanthine which was chemically converted to 9-β-$\text{D}$-arabinofuranosylguanine and its derivatives.     

Effects of type of adsorption isotherms on parallel diffusion of sulfonated dyes into porous cellulose membrane

Transport phenomenon of three sulfonated azo dyes, C.I. Acid Red 88, C.I. Direct Yellow 12, and C.I. Direct Blue 15 into water-swollen cellulose membranes has been analyzed on the basis of parallel transport theory by surface and pore diffusion. Langmuir equation was applied into the mass balance equation to estimate dye concentration in the pores. The results were compared with the results obtained by applying Freundlich equation in our previous papers. The surface diffusivity (D _s) and the pore diffusivity (D _p) for the parallel diffusion model obtained by applying Langmuir equation agreed with those obtained by applying Freudlich equation. The theoretical concentration profiles for parallel diffusion calculated usingD _s andD _p coincided accurately with the experimental data when we applied either Langmuir or Freundlich equations.     

Hexakis(2-pyridyl)- and hexakis(3-pyridyl)[3]radialene: novel,water-soluble [3]radialenes with potential utility for supramolecular chemistry

The titled [3]radialenes are the first, water-soluble hexaaryl[3]radialenes with considerably high electron affinity, their alkali metal reduction giving rise to anion-radicals and dianions stepwise as fairly stable species in degassed tetrahydrofuran.