A new synthetic approach to aminolycoside antibiotics by use of oxidative decarboxylation and reductive deacetoxylation as key-reactions

By use of a decarboxylation reaction with lead tetraacetate and a deacetoxylation reaction with sodium borohydride as key-reactions, paromamine ($\text{12}$ and tri-N-benzyloxycarbonylparomamine ($\text{12a}$) were synthesized from D-glucosamine.     

Simultaneous measurements of stress and infrared dichroism on polymers

Summary In order to obtain informations on the molecular nature and mechanism of rheological processes on polymers, simultaneous measurements of stress and infrared dichroism were made of polychloroprene (Neoprene Type AC) films during the course of continuous elongation at the constant rate 25%/min and of stress relaxation at 400% elongation. The time dependence of the infrared dichroism was obtained by measuring the intensity change at fixed wavenumbers of absorption band maxima on the differential polarized infrared spectra. Both the degree of crystallinity of sample films and the orientation function of transition moments were calculated from the results of the infrared dichroic measurements under the assumption of uniaxial orientation, which was confirmed to be the case by X-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements.In the continuous elongation experiments, it was found that the orientation functions for crystalline-sensitive bands showed maxima at 25% elongation and then decreased rapidly, changing their signs from positive to negative. There also appeared the yield point in the stress-strain curve and the beginning of sharp decrease of crystallinity at the same degree of elongation 25%. These facts were interpreted in terms of the orientation of the crystalline phase followed by the degradation of crystallites and drawing out of the molecular chain from the crystallites. In the stress relaxation experiments, moderate changes in the orientation functions were found for various characteristic absorption bands. Little difference was observed between changes in the orientation functions for the amorphous and crystalline-sensitive bands. This makes a contrast with the previous results for vulcanized natural rubber, where the orientation of the crystalline phase was completed almost immediately after elongation, while in the amorphous phase the molecular chains were oriented gradually during the course of stress relaxation.

---

Zusammenfassung Um Informationen über die molekulare Natur und den Mechanismus rheologischer Prozesse von Polymeren zu erhalten, wurden gleichzeitige Messungen der Spannung und des Infrarot-Dichroismus an Polychloropren-Filmen (Typ AC-Neopren) während der kontinuierlichen Verstreckung bei konstanter Verstreckungsgeschwindigkeit von 25%/min und während der Spannungsrelaxation bei 400% Verlängerung durchgeführt. Die Zeitabhängigkeit des Infrarot-Dichroismus wurde aus der Intensitätsänderung im festen Wellenzahlbandmaximum eines Kristallisationsbandes mit einem differenz-polarisierten Infrarot-Spektrographen festgestellt. Beide, der Kristallanteil der Probe und die Orientierungsfunktion für die Übergangsmomente lassen sich aus den Resultaten unter Annahme einachsiger Orientierung auswerten. Letztere, die einachsige Orientierung, wurde mit Röntgenbeugung und Doppelbrechung sichergestellt.In den Experimenten mit kontinuierlicher Verlängerung zeigten die Orientierungsfunktionen der Kristallempfindlichen Banden bei 25% Verlängerung ein Maximum. Danach sanken sie rasch unter Wechsel ihres Vorzeichens von positiv nach negativ ab. Der Fließpunkt in der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve und der Beginn des scharfen Abfalls der Kristallinität zeigen sich vom gleichen Verlängerungsgrad 25% ab.Diese Tatsachen werden aufgrund der Orientierung der kristallinen Phase erklärt, gefolgt von einem Abbau der Kristallite und einem Herausziehen der Molekülketten aus den Kristalliten. In den Spannungsrelaxationsversuchen wurden gewisse Änderungen der Orientierungsfunktionen für die verschiedenen charakteristischen Absorptionsbanden gefunden. Es ergaben sich geringe Differenzen in der Änderung der Orientierungsfunktionen für die amorphen und kristallempfindlichen Banden. Das steht im Gegensatz zu früheren Resultaten an vulkanisiertem Naturkautschuk. Bei letzteren war die Orientierung der Kristallphase beinahe unmittelbar nach der Dehnung vollständig, während in der amorphen Phase die molekularen Ketten nach und nach im Laufe der Spannungsrelaxation orientiert wurden.

---

---

With 8 figures in 9 details and 1 table     

Time-resolved optically detected magnetic resonance of conduction band tail electrons and A-centres in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

The conduction band tail electron resonance was observed at 2K in a-Si:H by time-resolved optically detected magnetic resonance experiments. The g - value of the A centre (the trapped hole centre) shifted towards the small value with decreasing the delay time of a microwave pulse relative to a laser pulse. This result is accounted for in terms of exchange interaction between the tail electron and the A centre.     

Acoustic multibubble cavitation in water: A new aspect of the effect of a rare gas atmosphere on bubble temperature and its relevance to sonochemistry

Acoustic cavitation generates transient microbubbles with extremely high temperatures and high pressures, which can provide unique reaction routes. The maximum bubble temperature attained is widely known to be dependent on the polytropic index and thermal conductivity of the dissolved gas. Here, we show for the first time experimental evidence that the bubble temperature induced by a high frequency ultrasound is almost the same among different rare gases and the chemical efficiency is in proportion to the gas solubility of rare gases, which would be closely related to the number of active bubbles.     

Syntheses and Mesomorphic Properties of New Liquid Crystalline Materials Involving Piperazine Skeleton

Some mesogenic materials involving a piperazine skeleton were prepared and the thermal properties were examined by DSC and microscopic analyses. Although the piperazines have a thermal flexibility similar to cyclohexyl ring, a lateral interaction due to lone pair electrons of nitrogens largely enhances the thermal stability of the mesophase. The piperazine compounds tend to preserve a smectic arrangement.     

Chemical Interactions of Cryptic Actinomycete Metabolite 5‐Alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines through Aggregate Formation

Organisms often produce secondary metabolites as a mixture of biosynthetically related congeners. However, why are metabolites with minor chemical variations produced simultaneously? 5‐Alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines (5aTHQs) are small, lipophilic metabolites produced by Streptomyces nigrescens HEK616 when cultured with Tsukamurella pulmonis TP‐B0596. A mixture of 5aTHQs forms aggregates that show enhanced membrane affinity and biological activity. The ability to form aggregates and membrane‐binding activity is regulated by the length of the alkyl chains. Aggregates with long alkyl chains were too stable to fuse with lipid membranes. However, if inactive 5aTHQ congener was mixed with active congener, the mixture showed increased membrane affinity, enabling cellular entry and biological activity. Therefore, it is shown that sloppiness in a biosynthetic pathway, by which minor structural variations can be produced, is functionally rational, as the metabolites show synergistic action.     

Microscopic Elucidation of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Film Formation via Atomistic Reaction Simulations: Importance of Functional Groups of Electrolyte and Intact Additive Molecules

Secondary batteries such as Li‐ion battery are expected to be utilized as not only ubiquitous electric power sources such as mobile phones but also large‐scale electricity storage devices. Therefore, it is urgent to develop the higher performance secondary batteries. Their lifetime and stability are found to be strongly dependent on the nature of passivation film called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formed on the anode surface in the initial charge‐discharge cycle. However, since it is difficult to directly observe the film formation processes in experiment, its microscopic mechanism is still not found. On the other hand, although the theoretical methods are useful complement to the experiment, some new methodologies are necessary to understand the long‐term processes of SEI film, which is produced as a result of that a lot of chemical reactions proceed simultaneously. Under the circumstances, we have developed Red Moon method that can simulate such complex chemical reaction systems, and were able to analyze for the first time the SEI film formation processes on the anode surface at the atomistic level. Then, we clarified theoretically the microscopic mechanism of the additive effect which is essential to improve the Na‐ion battery performance so as to enhance the SEI film formation. This new microscopic insight must provide an important guiding principle for use in designing the most suitable electrolytes for developing high‐performance secondary batteries.     

Molecular Design for Reversing the Photoswitching Mode of Turning ON and OFF DNA Hybridization

A new photoswitch for DNA hybridization involving para‐substituted azobenzenes (such as isopropyl‐ or tert‐butyl‐substituted derivatives) with L ‐threoninol as a linker was synthesized. Irradiation of the modified DNA with visible light led to dissociation of the duplex owing to the destabilization effect of the bulky substituent on the trans‐azobenzene. In contrast, trans‐to‐cis isomerization (UV light irradiation) facilitated duplex formation. The direction of this photoswitching mode was entirely reversed relative to the previous system with an unmodified azobenzene on D ‐threoninol whose trans form turned on the hybridization, and cis form turned it off. Such reversed and reversible photoswitching of DNA hybridization was directly demonstrated by using fluorophore‐ and quencher‐attached oligonucleotides. Furthermore, it was revealed that the cis‐to‐trans thermal isomerization was greatly suppressed in the presence of the complementary strand owing to the formation of the more‐stable duplex in the cis form.