A stable radical-substituted radical cation with strongly ferromagnetic interaction: nitronyl nitroxide-substituted 5,10-diphenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine radical cation

A stable radical-substituted radical ion with strongly ferromagnetic intramolecular interaction (J) between the radical and radical ion sites is an attractive spin building block of organic magnets. We prepared 2-nitronyl nitroxide-substituted 5,10-diphenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine radical cation, 1+. The 1+ salt was stable under aerated conditions at room temperature and had a large J/kB value (>/=+700 K).     

Light scattering from polymer films having optically anisotropic rodlike texture. A quantitative test of theories

The light scattering intensity distribution from rodlike crystalline superstructures is quantitatively investigated theoretically and experimentally. The arithmetic average of theoretical H_v scattered intensities at azimuthal angle μ = 0° and μ = 45° is shown to decrease with increasing scattering angle θ in proportion to W^?1 at high scattering angles for a system composed of a random assembly of rodlike superstructure having very small lateral dimensions relative to the length. The quantity W is defined as 2π(L/λ) sin θ where L is the length of the rod, and λ is the wavelength of light in the medium. A method is proposed to estimate the length L by using the W^?1 dependence. Effects of internal heterogenity, polydispersity in rod length, and finite lateral dimensions of the rodlike superstructure are considered to account for experimental deviation of the scattered intensity distributions from the W^?1 dependence. The effect of finite lateral dimensions turns out to be the most important.     

Control of Exchange Interactions in π Dimers of 6‐Oxophenalenoxyl Neutral π Radicals: Spin‐Density Distributions and Multicentered–Two‐Electron Bonding Governed by Topological Symmetry and Substitution at the 8‐Position

The tri‐tert‐butylphenalenyl (TBPLY) radical exists as a π dimer in the crystal form with perfect overlapping of the singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) causing strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. 2,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐oxophenalenoxyl (6OPO) is a phenalenyl‐based air‐stable neutral π radical with extensive spin delocalization and is a counter analogue of phenalenyl in terms of the topological symmetry of the spin density distribution. X‐ray crystal structure analyses showed that 8‐tert‐butyl‐ and 8‐(p‐XC₆H₄)‐6OPOs (X=I, Br) also form π dimers in the crystalline state. The π‐dimeric structure of 8‐tert‐butyl‐6OPO is seemingly similar to that of TBPLY even though its SOMO–SOMO overlap is small compared with that of TBPLY. The 8‐(p‐XC₆H₄) derivatives form slipped stacking π dimers in which the SOMO–SOMO overlaps are greater than in 8‐tert‐butyl‐6OPO, but still smaller than in TBPLY. The solid‐state electronic spectra of the 6OPO derivatives show much weaker intradimer charge‐transfer bands, and SQUID measurements for 8‐(p‐BrC₆H₄)‐6OPO show a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction in the π dimer. These results demonstrate that the control of the spin distribution patterns of the phenalenyl skeleton switches the mode of exchange interaction within the phenalenyl‐based π dimer. The formation of the relevant multicenter–two‐electron bonds is discussed.     

High-Spin Nitrene Fine-Structure ESR Spectroscopy in Frozen Rigid Glasses: Exact Analytical Expressions for the Canonical Peaks and A D-Tensor Gradient Method for Line Broadening

In high-spin chemistry, random-orientation fine-structure electron paramagnetic resonance (FS ESR) spectroscopy holds the advantages of the most facile and convenient method to identify high-spin systems. The FS ESR spectroscopy for high spins in frozen rigid glasses has seemingly been well established since the first spin-quintet m-dicarbene and m-dinitrene appeared in 1967. The FS ESR spectra of organic quintet entities generated by photolysis in the 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) glass, however, have never been fully analyzed due to a peculiar line broadening appearing at many canonical peaks. The line broadening has been a notorious obstacle that masks key FS transitions of many cases in organic glasses or argon matrices. We examine the origin of the line broadening, illustrating the comprehensive spectral analysis for m-dinitrenes and other types of typical quintet-state dinitrenes observed in the 2-MTHF glass. Our new approach to the line broadening analysis invokes both exact analytical solutions for the resonance fields of canonical peaks and a magnetic-parameter gradient method. We have derived the exact analytical expressions for FS canonical peaks for high-spin states, for the first time. A microscopic origin of the line broadening observed for high-spin nitrenes generated by photolysis in rigid glasses is proposed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations of the D-tensor.     

Shear-Induced Phase Separation of Entangled Polymer Solutions: Formation of Optically Anisotropic Strings as Precursor Structures of Shish-Kebab

Shear-induced structures were investigated for both ultrahigh molecular weight atactic polystyrene (UHMWaPS) and linear polyethylene (UHMWPE) solutions, which were entangled but homogeneous without shear flow, as a function of shear rate ( ) or time after a step-up shear flow. For the PE solutions, the shear flow was imposed at 124 °C which is higher than the nominal melting temperature T_nm of the solution without shear flow. At sufficiently high shear rates both solutions commonly formed highly optically anisotropic string-like structures which are composed of a series of phase-separated domains interconnected by bundles of stretched chains and aligned along the flow direction. After cessation of the shear flow the string-like structures completely disappeared in the UHMWaPS solution, recovering a homogeneous solution, while the UHMWPE solution exhibited shish-kebab structure. The results reveal a new kinetic pathway for shish-kebab formation for the entangled crystallizable solution sheared at T > T_nm which involves first formation of the phase-separated string-like domains and subsequent crystallization into shish from the bundles of stretched chain and then kebab in the demixed domains composed of essentially random coils.