Variable dimension algorithms: Basic theory,interpretations and extensions of some existing methods

In this paper we establish a basic theory for variable dimension algorithms which were originally developed for computing fixed points by Van der Laan and Talman. We introduce a new concept primal—dual pair of subdivided manifolds and by utilizing it we propose a basic model which will serve as a foundation for constructing a wide class of variable dimension algorithms. Our basic model furnishes interpretations to several existing methods: Lemke's algorithm for the linear complementarity problem, its extension to the nonlinear complementarity problem, a variable dimension algorithm on conical subdivisions and Merrill's algorithm. We shall present a method for solving systems of equations as an application of the second method and an efficient implementation of the fourth method to which our interpretation leads us. A method for constructing triangulations with an arbitrary refinement factor of mesh size is also proposed.     

Asymmetric conjugate reduction of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and esters with chiral rhodium(2,6-bisoxazolinylphenyl) catalysts

New asymmetric conjugate reduction of beta,beta-disubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and esters was accomplished with alkoxylhydrosilanes in the presence of chiral rhodium(2,6-bisoxazolinylphenyl) complexes in high yields and high enantioselectivity. (E)-4-Phenyl-3-penten-2-one and (E)-4-phenyl-4-isopropyl-3-penten-2-one were readily reduced at 60 degrees C in 95 % ee and 98 % ee, respectively, by 1 mol % of catalyst loading. (EtO)2MeSiH proved to be the best hydrogen donor of choice. tert-Butyl (E)-beta-methylcinnamate and beta-isopropylcinnamate could also be reduced to the corresponding dihydrocinnamate derivatives up to 98 % ee.     

Transition metal-catalysed acylation of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with acylstannanes

Acylstannanes were found to add to such alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds as enones or ynoates in the presence of a nicel or palladium catalyst to give 2-stannyl-4-oxoalk-2-enoates or 1,4-diketones, whereas the three component coupling between acylstannanes, enones and aldehydes provided 2-hydroxymethyl 1,4-diketones.     

Activation of mouse macrophages by in vivo and in vitro treatment with a cyanine dye, lumin.

The cyanine photosensitizer, lumin, is a potent macrophage activating agent: 4 days after administration of small amounts of lumin to mice (20-40 ng mouse-1), peritoneal macrophages exhibited a greatly enhanced Fc-mediated ingestion activity; higher doses (more than 3000 ng mouse-1) did not have this effect. The in vitro photodynamic activation of macrophages in mouse peritoneal cells exposed to white fluorescent light (3 J m-2 s-1) was also studied in media containing various concentrations of lumin. A short light exposure (45 J m-2) with 10 ng lumin ml-1 produced a maximum ingestion activity of macrophages. Lumin has absorption peaks at 670 and 760 nm. Therefore we designed experiments in which peritoneal cells were exposed to a red fluorescent light (emission, 660 nm; 0.5 J m-2 s-1). In a medium containing 3 ng lumin ml-1 with 7.5 J m-2 of red light, a markedly enhanced ingestion activity of macrophages was observed. The photodynamic treatment of peritoneal macrophages alone did not stimulate phagocytic activity, but the photodynamic treatment of a mixture of non-adherent (B and T) cells and macrophages resulted in a greatly enhanced ingestion activity of macrophages. Thus non-adherent cells are required for the photodynamic activation of macrophages, implying that an activating factor is generated within the non-adherent cells and transmitted to the macrophages. This hypothesis was confirmed by the observation that co-cultivation of photodynamically treated non-adherent cells with untreated macrophages resulted in a greatly enhanced ingestion capacity.     

PHOTODYNAMIC SENSITIZERS FROM CHLOROPHYLL:PURPURIN–18 AND CHLORINp6

Abstract— Two easily prepared derivatives of chlorophyll,purpurin–18 and chlorin p ₆, are potent sensitizers of cell killing by low-intensity red light. The internal anhydride group inpurpurin–18 provides the potential of covalently linking in one step the chlorin to cell targeting agents such as antibodies.